56 J. G. G00DCHILD ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OP THE 



land tract, the summits of which range up to nearly 2900 feet. As 

 in the case of the Dale district, the plane of the fell-tops of this 

 area gradually slopes to the east, and passes into the low country of 

 the Durham Coal-measures and Hagnesian Limestone. To the south- 

 west this area is limited by the north-westerly Pennine Faults, which 

 range, roughly speaking, from Brongh, in the north-east corner of 

 Westmoreland, to Brampton, not far to the north-east of Carlisle. 

 Between the lines of disturbance and the tops of the highest fells the 

 ground rises very rapidly, forming a bold escarpment that in one 

 place rises more than 2000 feet above the adjoining low ground of 

 the Eden valley. Cross Fell, the highest point, is 2892 feet above 

 the sea; and as this Fell necessarily forms a prominent object many 

 miles around, it will be well to speak of the escarpment that it 

 forms part of as the Cross-Fell escarpment, and to call the great 

 tract of moory uplands to the north-east and south-east of it the 

 Cross-Fell district. 



A tract of low ground, having but few points in it above 1000 feet, 

 and the greater part below 500 feet above the sea, extends from the 

 foot of the Cross-Fell escarpment to the north-eastern limit of the 

 Lake district. It is more of the nature of a plain gently inclined 

 towards the Pennine escarpment than of a valley, properly so called ; 

 but from the circumstance that the river Eden flows through it, it 

 has come to be generally known as the Eden valley. 



Westward from the Dale district lies the flattened dome-shaped 

 mass of the Lake country, which is too well known to need any 

 description here. Part of this area is prolonged as a kind of geo- 

 graphical outlier to the east of the depression that the river Lune 

 flows in up to the line of the north-easterly faults ; and the generally 

 easterly line of watershedding of most of the Lake-district streams 

 is extended through this all but detached area of Silurian rocks, 

 across the Great Faults, to Wilbert Fell, and thence between the head- 

 waters of the rivers Lune and Eden, crossing the principal water- 

 shedding line of Northern England, to the line of high ground 

 between Wensleydale and Swaledale. 



It will be well here to make a few remarks upon the lithological 

 character of the rocks within the area now being treated of, so that 

 the evidence for the direction of flow of the boulder-transporting 

 agent may be rendered clearer. 



Beginning south of the northernmost of the Craven faults, 

 between Ingleton and Leek, we find an outlier of Permian rocks 

 lying upon the Carboniferous beds on the downthrown side of the 

 fault. Amongst these Permians a breccia of a marked lithological 

 character occurs ; and a similar rock is nowhere to be found any- 

 where in place to the north of the Craven fault nearer than the 

 Eden valley. A few miles to the east of this Permian outlier the 

 streams that flow southward from the uplands about Ingleborough, 

 Whernside, and Penyghent have cut down through the Carboniferous 

 rocks into the older Silurians that form the floor whereon the 

 newer beds rest. The Silurian rocks differ greatly in lithological 

 character from the Carboniferous beds, so that fragments of the two 



