58 J. G. GOODCHILD ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OE THE 



skirting the foot of Stainmoor round to Brough ; but, as before stated, 

 none of these lies higher than about 650 feet above the sea. 



Along the Cross-Fell escarpment there are only two rocks of any 

 value for our present purpose. One of these is the Whin Sill, a 

 bed of basalt that occurs among the Carboniferous rocks in the es- 

 carpment, but does not extend further than about five or six miles 

 to the north-west of JBrough. The other rock alluded to is the con- 

 glomerate that is elsewhere described as part of the Koman-Eell 

 series *. Neither the Whin Sill nor the conglomerate affords a very 

 satisfactory test. Much of the Whin so closely resembles some of 

 the igneous rocks associated with the Silurians of the Lake district 

 that it is often difficult to distinguish between them in cases where 

 fragments of both have got mixed together in the drift. Parts of the 

 Whin, however, may be recognized by those who have seen much of 

 it in place. The finer parts of the conglomerate are so much like the 

 Millstone Grit that they cannot always be relied upon as a test ; but 

 the coarser parts, especially where accompanied by the usual matrix, 

 are of more value, and may be traced in the drift a long way from 

 the parent rock. Bearing in mind the occasional uncertainty of any 

 identification of drift fragments of the rocks just mentioned, they 

 have only been made use of for the purpose of proving which way 

 the drift has moved in cases where the fragments are not to be 

 mistaken. 



Turning now to the Silurian areas south of the Eden valley, we 

 do not find any very marked types of lithological character in the 

 Howgill Fells; or, if they exist, the writer is not well enough 

 acquainted with them to be able to trace them far from the parent 

 masses. The same remark also applies to the Silurian areas between 

 the river Lune and the point where the oft-described Shap Granite 

 comes to light. Now that this beautiful granite is being so exten- 

 sively used for ornamental purposes it is needless to give any descrip- 

 tion of it here, as all geologists who have taken an interest in the 

 glacial phenomena of Northern England must have acquired more or 

 less familiarity with its appearance long ago. 



Between Snap Eells and Ullswater the rocks belong to the so- 

 called " green-slate-and- porphyry" series, and have not in any 

 instance been made use of for the purpose that this part of the paper 

 treats of, because of the writer's imperfect acquaintance with them. 



Westward from Ullswater a great variety of igneous rocks of well- 

 marked lithological characters come among the Silurians on the 

 north side of the Lake-district watershed. Most of these have been 

 referred to by Mr. Ward, in his paper on the Glaciation of the 

 Northern Part of the Lake-district f . The writer's acquaintance 

 with some of these rocks is partly due to Mr. Ward's identification 

 of fragments from the drift, and partly to the information gained by 

 several days' hammering over some of them in place, especially those 

 that occur in the Caldbeck Fells. 



The igneous rocka alluded to, that have mostly been relied upon 



* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 398 (1874). 

 t Ibid. vol. xxix. p. 422 (1873). 



