EDEN VALLET AND YORKSHIRE -DALE DISTRICT. 59 



in making out which way the drifts of the Eden valley have been 

 moved, are the syenites of St. John's Yale (near Keswick), of Carrock 

 Pell, and of Butter mere, the porphyries of Berrier Nittles and of 

 High Pike in the Caldbeck Pells, the granites of the Calda and 

 Brandy Gill, and the peculiar porphyritic dyke of Armboth Pell and 

 the Helvellyn. Other Lake-country rocks that the writer has not had 

 opportunity of examining in place are not taken into account here, 

 especially as those just named do well enough for the purpose in view. 



Turning next to the subject of the glacial markings and the 

 course taken by the ice, it will be well to begin at that part of the 

 Dale district that lies immediately to the north of the Craven fault. 

 Mr. Tiddeman has already alluded to part of this in his paper before 

 mentioned ; it is referred to again in this place because a little 

 additional evidence has been obtained since his paper was written. 

 Most of this part of the Dale district was mapped by Professor 

 Hughes, who has allowed the writer to make the fullest use of any 

 information relating to the glacial phenomena of the district. 



Mr. Tiddeman has demonstrated that the drift-transportal and the 

 rock-grooving of the country a long way to the south of the Craven 

 faults, on the west side of the Pennine watershed, were effected by 

 a thick sheet of land-ice, which must have come from the country 

 somewhere to the north of the Craven fault; and the object of this 

 part of the present communication is to point out the line of de- 

 parture whence this branch of the great ice-sheet started. 



Xo fragments of the Brockram, which is mentioned above as 

 occurring to the south of the Craven fault, between Leek and 

 Ingleton, have ever been found to the north of its present area, 

 although pieces of it are found in the drifts that occur to the 

 south-east of it, and probably also in those that lie to the south. 



The Silurian areas of Chapel-le-Dale, Crummack, and Horton-in- 

 Eibblesdale have yielded no boulders that have travelled to the 

 north. The rocks themselves are quite unlike the overlying Car- 

 boniferous beds ; if, therefore, fragments of them really occurred in 

 the drifts to the north, it would be an easy matter to trace them to 

 their origin. It may be objected that the later glaciation may have 

 ploughed out the older drift, and that, as the glaciers would neces- 

 sarily follow the ordinary lines of drainage of the country, they 

 would replace the Silurian drift by other drift brought from the 

 Carboniferous uplands to the north. This will be referred to further 

 on, when the drifts themselves are being treated of. 



The scratches about Ingleborough have already been described in 

 Mr. Tiddeman' s paper * ; they are reproduced on the accompanying 

 map in order that their relations to the scratches that have been 

 found in the country to the north may be easily seen. 



Between Gragreth and Whernside two scratches ranging about 

 N.N.E. have been found on the very summit of the pass; and one or 

 two others having the same direction have been met with at lower 

 elevations on the south side ; but none of these affords any satisfactory 

 evidence as to which side of that line of watershed the ice came from. 

 * Loo. cit. p. 476. 



