EDEN VALLEY AND YORKSHIRE-DALE DISTRICT. 67 



shire. Through the courtesy of the Messrs. JNewall of Dalbeattie, 

 the writer has been enabled to identify some of these with the grey 

 granite which is now being so extensively quarried in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Criffel for ornamental purposes ; and Prof. Geikie of 

 Edinburgh has spared the time to look over and name a box of 

 stones which could not be traced to any rock in the Lake district, 

 thereby enabling the writer to identify many of the far-derived 

 stones in the drift, and affording a tolerably sure clue to the course 

 taken by the ice. The result is that the writer has been enabled to 

 prove the existence of great quantities of the drift from the south 

 side of the Scottish southern uplands in the Eden valley, up to the 

 top of Stainmoor itself. The stones are smaller and are less 

 common as we advance towards the head of the valley ; but there 

 they are, glaciated, and associated in such away with the boulders from 

 sources nearer at hand as to leave no doubt that these Scotch 

 boulders too were carried up to the summit of Stainmoor by the 

 same stream of land-ice that bore the Ennerdale syenite up the 

 Eden valley and over Stainmoor, instead of following the course it 

 would take under ordinary glacial conditions, and moving westwards 

 towards the low ground of the Solway. 



Line D, coinciding in great part with the foot of the Cross-Fell 

 escarpment, approximately represents the northern boundary of the 

 Shap-granite drift ; and beyond the area in which this rock occurs, 

 the line represents, as nearly as can be made out at present, the 

 north-eastern limit of the Scotch drift in the Eden valley above 

 Brampton*. A glance at the course taken by the stream of Scotch 

 drift ice will show at once that it had precisely the direction that, 

 on its meeting with the stream from the western side of the Dale 

 district and the Howgill Eells, would cause the combined currents to 

 take the direction which the striss on the slopes of Stainmoor, and 

 the direction of boulder-dispersal, show that the ice had there. 



In considering the causes that impelled the Scotch drift up the 

 Eden valley, we have to bear in mind that to the east of Carlisle great 

 quantities of the same drift have gone over the watershed between the 

 Eden and the South Tyne eastward to the North Sea, and that there- 

 fore the transporting current seems to have moved in a generally 

 easterly direction over the low ground about Carlisle until it reached 

 the north-west corner of the Cross-Eell escarpment, against which 

 it split, the southern half coasting along the escarpment itself, while 

 the other passed into the valley of the South Tyne. The general 

 direction taken by the ice sheet at the north-west corner of the 

 Lake district seems to have been about IS". 15° W. or K". 20° W. 

 Eastward from this part the direction becomes more northerly ; and 

 finally, if we may judge from the form of the ground about Hawes 

 "Water, the course taken by the ice there must have been about N. 

 25° E., a direction which the map shows was maintained from near 

 that part up to the edge of the Dale district. 



If we can trust the evidence derived from the direction of trans- 



* Since this paper was written I have found far-travelled boulders some 

 distance to the north of this line, near Melmerby. 



F2 



