76 J. G. ©GODCHILD ON THE GLACTAL PHENOMENA OE THE 



loosely aggregated, and free from clay ; scratched stones very rare ; 

 big angular blocks occur in abundance. It generally forms very 

 moundy ground high up above the valleys, and has not been de- 

 tected within a radius of several miles from the highest part of the 

 Dale district. It has altogether a very morainic look ; and although 

 in the mass it may be separated from No. 2, smaller deposits of it 

 are distinguished with difficulty ; and such sections as exist seem to 

 show that there is a gradual passage downwards into No. 2. 



These three divisions are seldom sharply defined ; and although one 

 or two sections seem to show that No. 2 lies on an irregular surface 

 of No. 1, it is impossible to draw a sharp line between any of them 

 over large areas. In the bottoms of the valleys, at variable distances 

 from the nearest line of high ground, we find thin seams of finely 

 stratified sand alternating with sheets of tough finely laminated 

 clays with and without included stones, and associated with occa- 

 sional beds of gravel, of which a few of the stones bear half-oblite- 

 rated glacial strise. These are overlain by more or less clayey beds 

 of No. 2, that frequently show obscure stratification near the base, 

 and are clearly seen to occur above the till, No. 1. The sand and 

 gravel passes down into No. 1 and up into No. 2 in such a way as to 

 point to the oneness of origin of the whole. 



Further from the head of the dale sections in the low-lying drift 

 mounds show that, on the whole, the proportion of washed materials 

 increases towards the low end of the valley, thicker beds of sand 

 come in, the glaciated stones become more and more water worn, and 

 the overlying beds referred to No. 2 become cleaner and show more 

 decided traces of bedding. Still lower down the valley mounds of 

 sand and gravel, with included seams of clay and hardly any gla- 

 ciated stones, come in : the mounds themselves are often several 

 hundred yards apart, and sections occur only at irregular and often 

 distant intervals ; but the similarity of the contents to those of the 

 thinner deposits seen higher up the valley, and the close resemblance 

 in the form and disposition of the higher and lower mounds, would 

 seem to lead to the inference that they are in some way the work of 

 the same agency, although it is impossible to prove it. 



Many of the thin sheets of laminated clay referred to above seem 

 as if they had been originally thrown down at considerable angles, as 

 the seams of sand above and below do not always show any sign of 

 contortion. In so many instances have these sheets of laminated 

 clays been met with inclined at various angles, that it seems quite 

 the exception to meet with any that are horizontal, unless the section 

 is at a great distance from the head of the valley. In many cases, 

 hereafter to be referred to, it is quite clear that the inclination of 

 these beds of laminated clay is that of original deposition. This 

 point being well established, it follows that the drifts in which these 

 clays occur cannot have been deposited under water, and must there- 

 fore have their origin accounted for in some other way. 



Hitherto all the cases of inclined or contorted strata in the drifts 

 seem to have been regarded as clear proofs of the grounding of 

 floating ice ; hence it would follow that wherever contorted beds 



