80 J. G. GOODCHILD ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF THE 



where they occur, whether their contents have come from a great 

 distance or are confined to detritus derived from rocks within the 

 physical basin of the Eden, leave little room for doubt that they 

 were all thrown down in the same way. 



In the low ground at the foot of Stainmoor a few sections show 

 that locally a threefold division of the drift obtains. The section at 

 the scar alongside Swindale Beck under Brough Castle may be taken 

 as typical, as no other so good is to be seen anywhere else in the 

 neighbourhood. At the bottom of the scar the beck has cleared a 

 deposit of tough red clay, with seams of red laminated clay, and 

 including blunted and glaciated stones, of which a few are quite 

 angular, and some big enough to be called boulders. About 20 per 

 cent, of the stones are known to be from a distance, as unmista- 

 kable fragments from the " green- slate -and -porphyry series " and 

 other Silurian detritus occur ; the rest seem to be of Carboniferous 

 and Permian origin. As these, however, have no distinctive cha- 

 racter whereby they might be referred with certainty to the rock of 

 any particular place, some of them may have come from the north- 

 west end of the Eden valley for aught that could be said to the 

 contrary. No Shap granite nor any traces of Scotch drift could be 

 detected, perhaps because the very limited area exposed gives one 

 but little opportunity of making a fair estimate of the true per- 

 centage of far- derived stones. 



The upper part of the till exhibits more distinct lamination, 

 which is well shown by the presence of thin lines of sand and fine 

 gravel, and, in the absence of these, by the unequal weathering of 

 the alternate clayey and loamy bands in it leaving the tougher 

 clayey laminae in slight relief. Where the beck washes beds of this 

 kind it acts in much the same way, only that inclined and convex 

 terraces several inches in width are developed in the laminated 

 clays by the gentle washing of the stream. Obscure traces of plants 

 occur on the bedding-planes of a few of these tough clays j but none 

 could be got out perfect. 



One cannot help being struck with the number of instances of 

 inclined laminae of this fine clay, with and without stones, which 

 are found ; but from the top to the bottom of the scar not a trace of 

 any thing like contortion can be found in any of them. 



The slopes above the part of the scar where the till is seen are 

 obscured for about 10 feet by slips from the higher beds ; but it is 

 said that courses of sand occur in it. Above this point the writer 

 employed some men to clear the section up to the Castle. They laid 

 bare about 25 feet of finely bedded straw-coloured sand, with lenti- 

 cular seams of coarse and fine gravel, layers of stony clays, and 

 occasional thin sheets of tough gutta-percha clays without stones. 

 Near the lower part of the clearing the beds just mentioned alter- 

 nate with irregular patches of stiff clay drift with glaciated stones 

 in no way different from the ordinary till of the neighbourhood, 

 except that they are not quite so red as the till seen lower down by 

 the beck-side. The stones from the interbedded patches of till and 

 those in the gravel seams have about the same percentage of far- 



