EDEN VALLEY AND YORKSHIRE-DALE DISTRICT. 81 



derived stones as occurs in the lowest bed. In the upper part of 

 the section the same alternations of sand with beds of till were 

 found ; but in passing upwards the seams of gravel and sand become 

 thinner, and the interbedded till gets thicker, until an almost un- 

 divided mass of clay-drift with glaciated stones and boulders up to 

 4 feet in diameter is met with. A large surface of this upper clay- 

 is exposed, and yields many subangular, blunted, rounded and 

 glaciated boulders of Shap granite. Other rocks represented were 

 two or three varieties of Galloway granite, blocks and fragments of 

 the syenites of Carrock Fell, St. John's Yale, and Buttermere, as 

 well as other Lak§-country rocks in abundance, stained Carboniferous 

 detritus from the Eden valley, and much Permian sandstone and 

 Brockram. 



The mound in which these drifts occur is one of a great series of 

 chains of drumlins which trend in sweeping curves from the lowest 

 parts of the Eden valley, in one case nearly up to the Stainmoor 

 watershed. Their direction seems to have been influenced in nearly 

 every case more by the contour of the nearest high ground than by 

 the direction in which the bulk of the drift was transported. In 

 those eases, however, where the ice was guided in its course by the 

 form of the adjoining high ground, not a few of the longer axes of 

 the drumlins lie nearly in the same line that the included boulders 

 have travelled in. 



Here and there in the country below Brough, a section shows that 

 seams of sand and gravel are interstratified with beds resembling 

 true till ; but, owing to the disconnected nature of the drift deposits, 

 and the fewness of good sections, it is impossible to prove the 

 identity of even the larger groups of sand and gravel in adjoining 

 mounds. On the whole, however, it is tolerably clear that in the 

 low ground the proportion of washed detritus associated with the 

 clay- drifts is greater, and the signs of lamination in the clay- drifts 

 more marked and more widely spread, in proportion to the distance 

 from the head of the main valley. 



It is nearly impossible to make out any definite order of succession 

 in the drifts in the lower parts of the valley ; the few sections seen 

 show plainly enough that masses of sand and gravel pass into, and 

 are interwoven with, clay- drifts in such a way as to defy any 

 attempt at separation over large areas, although single sections may 

 be indicated which do show a definite sequence. The larger branch 

 valleys from the Lake district have further added to the complica- 

 tion by contributing quantities of more or less well washed drift, 

 which lies in mounds the axes of which are often at right angles to 

 the length of the tributaries from which the drift materials were 

 derived, in such a way as to show that they were heaped up by the 

 same cause that gave the adjoining drumlins their present form and 

 position. 



Much of the Eden valley below the 500-foot contour between 

 Musgrave and Lazonby lies in two old rock-basins, the lower lips of 

 which are formed by the Permian rocks that close in upon the 

 river at Eden Lacy, and again between Lazonby and Armathwaite. 



Q. J. G. S. No. 121. g 



