84 J. G. G00LCHILD ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF THE 



oblique lamination is very well marked in this ; and the angle of 

 inclination of the laminae is nearly the same as that of the lines of 

 clay and sand in the underlying till, and does not differ many 

 degrees from the slope of the courses of sand in the overlying gravel 

 series. It will be observed that the laminae of the clay are bent 

 over and inverted in a few instances, but that the apparently con- 

 torted parts are surrounded by other parts of the same deposit that 

 are clearly not disturbed at all. This will be referred to again pre- 

 sently. Few or no stones are found in the clays, which seem to be 

 made up of fine laminae of clays of different shades of brown, and 

 varying in lithological character from the finest clay to very fine 

 micaceous sand. A clear section shows that these clays slope down- 

 wards to near the bottom of the railway- cutting, where a good 

 section in them was to be seen at right angles to fig. 3. Pigs. 5, 6, 

 and 7 are taken from the bottom and the top of this deposit, as seen 

 close to the rails. Figs. 5 and 6 exhibit the remarkably high incli- 



Fig. 5. — Section in the Settle and Carlisle Railway -cutting at 

 Culgaith. 



Alternations of inclined, arched, false- bedded and crumpled laminated clays with 

 others undisturbed. The darker stripes represent the darker-coloured clays. 

 Length 12 in. 



nation of the laminae of the clays, and show in the most unmistakable 

 way that this high inclination is the result of original deposition, as 

 it does not in every case extend into the beds above and below. In 

 the lower part of the section there is no indication of any derange- 

 ment of the beds. Near the top, however, the case seems far other- 

 wise ; for the beds appear to have been subjected to violent pressure, 

 which has contorted them in such a way that the same lamina may 

 be passed through vertically three, four, or even six times in suc- 

 cession (fig. 7). A closer inspection shows that to a great extent 

 this appearance is deceptive, and that the contorted beds lie in the 



