92 J. 0. GOODCHILD ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF THE 



Enough has, perhaps, been brought forward to show that there is 

 a general agreement in the way in which the drifts come on in the 

 Eden valley and the Dale district. In each case the lower till is 

 mostly to be found in the bottoms of the valleys, not far removed 

 from the head of the drainage -area ; and the higher till is more 

 angular, and contains, as a rule, less clay and fewer scratched stones 

 than that below. 



In each district the deposits of sand and gravel begin to come on 

 in force at the points where the principal rivers of the area deliver 

 a like volume of water ; and from these points outward towards the 

 mouths of the rivers, the total quantity of clay in the whole accu- 

 mulation of drift steadily decreases until very little else than clean 

 sand and gravel is to be found, except in the maritime districts, 

 where the true boulder-clay comes on. 



Each district affords proof that the clayey drumlins of the higher 

 parts of the valleys pass into and form parts of the same series with 

 the hummocky mounds and eskers of sand and gravel lower down, 

 in such a way as to lead to the belief that they must have had a 

 common origin. 



Intercalated beds of sand and gravel and sheets of gutta-percha 

 clays with curved lamination occur in the till of both districts ; and 

 all the evidence, points to the conclusion that these intercalated beds 

 have only undergone slight local derangement — and that it is the 

 rule rather than the exception to find them quite undisturbed, ex- 

 cept where the disturbance may be satisfactorily accounted for by 

 the dropping of heavy masses of gravel, large boulders, or lumps of 

 ice, or else by the settling- down of the ice-sheet upon the soft beds 

 beneath. 



The drumlins that include these intercalated beds of sand and 

 gravel in the Dale district might possibly be accounted for as the 

 moraines of the later glaciers of the ice-period ; and therefore, in 

 discussing the origin of these beds, it will be well to confine our 

 attention to those drumlins at the foot of Stainmoor that, from their 

 position, cannot by any possibility have had a morainic origin, but 

 are, in all but the extraneous nature of the included stones, 

 the exact counterparts of the Dale-district mounds, to which re- 

 ference has been made. 



The nature of the beds of till seen in Brough-Castle scar puts the 

 marine origin of any one of them entirely out of the question. As at 

 least seven or eight such beds occur interstratified with sand and 

 gravel, it will be taken for granted that the intercalated beds also 

 are not the result of marine action, but that the whole series is in 

 some way the result of some other and frequently recurring cause. 

 The stiff clay full of blunted and scratched stones of all sizes up to 

 4 feet, disposed without any regard to form or size, cannot be any 

 thing else than the work of ice : but when we try to explain the 

 presence of seven or eight, or, in some cases, as many as eleven such 

 beds of till interstratified with undisurbed beds of sand and finely 

 laminated clays by the moraine-profonde theory, as it is usually 

 (and so far as the writer can gather from the latest books treating 



