] 52 J. C. WARD ON THE GLACIATION OE THE 



12. The Glaciation of the Southern Part of the Lake-district and 

 the Glacial Origin of the Lake-basins of Cumberland and 

 Westmoreland. By J. Clifton Ward, Esq., Assoc. K.S.M., 

 E.G.S., of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Second 

 Paper. (Read January 27, 1875.) 

 [Plate VIL] 



Contents. 



III. Lake-basins. 



a. Wastwater. 



b. Grasmere and Easdale. 



c. Langdale old lake. 



d. Various Tarns. 



Introduction. 

 I. Trend of the ice-scratches and its 

 import. 



a. Wastdale. 



b. Langdale, Easdale, &c. 



c. Eskdale. 



d. Abnormal ice-scratches. 

 II. Moraines. 



e. Windermere and Coniston. 

 IV. Influence of geological structure 



on lake- origin. 

 V. Summary. 



Introduction. — In my paper on the " Glaciation of the Northern 

 part of the Lake-district " *, I endeavoured to show that at the period 

 of maximum glaciation all the main-valley glaciers were more or 

 less confluent, and that thus the country was enveloped in an almost 

 continuous ice-sheet, which moved, in the northern part of the dis- 

 trict, mainly from north to south. In PI. VII. C is a continuation 

 southwards of the glacial map Drought forward in the previous 

 papers ; and a few words must first he said about the distribution of 

 ice-scratches south of the great east-and-west watershed of the dis- 

 trict and its importf. 



I. Treed of the Ice-scratches and its Import. 



The first glance at the map (PI. VII. C) shows that, as in the 

 case of the northern part of the district, the general direction of 

 the arrows points to a great system of valley-glaciers more or less 

 confluent with one another. One or two exceptional directions will 

 be mentioned presently. 



a. Wastdale. — Erom Scafell Pikes (49) as a centre, there are 

 scratches pointing downwards, from heights above 2500 feet, to the 

 north into Wastdale, and to the south into Eskdale. Erom the head 

 of Mosedale, beneath the Pillar Mountain (24) X and Red Pike (67), 

 there is a similar series, and from the double valley between Yew- 

 barrow (43) and Middle Eell (42). Upon Buckbarrow (41) there 

 are scratches pointing with the valley at a height of 1250 feet ; and 

 at a height of 1600 feet, north of and between Buckbarrow (41) 

 and Seatallan (40) the rocks are rounded as if from the N.E. 

 Erom these facts we may infer as follows : — Wastdale and Mosedale 



* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxix. p. 422. 



t I am indebted to my colleagues, Messrs. De Ranee and Hebert, for some 

 of the observed ice-scratches. 



I See the map in the first paper (Q. J. G. S. vol. xxx. pi. ix.). The two maps 

 may be joined together to form one. 



