154 J. C. WARD ON THE GLACTATION OF THE 



(PI. VII. B, fig. 14), at heights up to more than 1500 feet, to join 

 the Langdale glacier ; and the southern side of this great Langdale 

 glacier was caused also to sweep south-eastwards round the Pike of 

 Blisco (52) and pass into Little Langdale, over what is now Blea 

 Tarn, and across Blake Bigg (57) and Lingmoor (58) on either side. 

 To the north of Ambleside, glacial scratches point southwards down 

 the three considerable valleys in which run Stock Gill, Scandale 

 Beck, and Rydal Beck. The result of the southerly course of the 

 glaciers from these valleys and their all becoming confluent above 

 Ambleside, was to cause the ice-sheet sweeping over Grasmere to 

 continue its course in great part straight over Loughrigg Fell (65)* ; 

 and thus the whole stretch of low ground, between Wetherlamf on 

 the west, and Wansfell Pike (66) on the east (PI. VII. D, fig. 22), was 

 swept over by one continuous sheet of ice, which passed on south- 

 wards over the present sites of Windermere, Esthwaite, and Conis- 

 ton (fig. 23), considerably reinforced on the west by ice shed off the 

 eastern side of the Coniston group, the most southerly of the Lake- 

 district mountains. 



c. Eskdale. — This valley, the head of which lies in a horseshoe- 

 shaped ring of lofty mountains, of which the chief are Scafell (48), 

 Scafell Pikes (49), and Bow Fell (51), has a series of scratches pointing 

 downwards at various heights up to 2500 feet. The great glacier 

 which gave rise to these was also reinforced by ice coming down the 

 head of Duddondale, partly pushed over by Hardknott Castle on the 

 north side of Harter Fell. 



d. Abnormal ice- scratches. — Allusion must now be made to several 

 cases of ice-scratches having a direction which cannot be readily 

 explained, apparently, by any system of local or confluent glaciers. 

 At the Three-Shire Stone, Wrynose, upon the watershed, at a 

 height of rather more than 1250 feet, there are grooves running 

 due east and west, i.e. straight through the pass. A little higher, 

 to the north, on Wet-Side Edge, there are beautifully glaciated rock- 

 surfaces, with scratches pointing E.S.E. and W.N.W., also close 

 upon a watershed. A little south of Cold Pike, at 2000 feet, there 

 are fine scratched surfaces, showing a direction a little E. of N. and 

 S. of W., just on the ridge. 



Between Bow Fell (51) and Shelter Crags J, in a depression of the 

 watershedding-line, and at a height of 2400 feet, there are also 

 glacial scratches having a due east-and-west direction. 



At Sty-Head Pass (nearly 1600 feet) there is distinct glaciation 

 across the watershed, apparently from E.N.E. to W.S.W. ; and on 

 either side of the pass scratches cross the watershedding line at 

 2000 feet ; on the south side, the direction across the Band (running 

 north from Great End (50)) is nearly due E. and W. ; and on the 

 north side, upon the flanks of Great Gable (46), the direction is 

 N.N.E. and S.S.W. 



* The Kev. T. Gr. Boimey, in 1866, thought that this Fell was once "almost 

 covered by glaciers," see paper " On traces of Glaciers in the English Lakes," 

 Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p 291. 



t" Just south of the limits of the map. \ A little to the south of Bow Fell. 



