248 PROF. W. BOYD DAWKINS ON THE 



adults formed between one third and one half of the herds of Bisons 

 which were destroyed ; while the old animals were comparatively 

 rare. The condition of many of the milk-teeth implies that some of 

 the calves were not more than from three to five months old at the 

 time of their death — a fact which proves that they haunted this spot 

 in the summer and autumn, from June to November. 



In order to arrive at an idea of the number of individuals repre- 

 sented by the teeth, I selected the last lower true and milk-molars, 

 with the result of establishing the presence in this spot of no less 

 than 34 animals ; and even these figures, as will be seen presently 

 from the examination of the bones, by no means represent the true 

 number*, 



Scapulce. The shoulder-blades, as might be expected from their 

 delicacy, were comparatively few, numbering only 35. Their glenoid 

 articulation presented diameters ranging from 3-6 x 2'9 to 2-8 x 2-4 

 inches. 



The variation in the size and form of the rest of the bones of the 

 limbs may be gathered from the examination of the Table of mea- 

 surements, in inches (p. 247). 



The animals represented by this large series of bones and teeth 

 cannot certainly be fewer than 40, as proved by the humeri ; and 

 they may amount to 60, since I could identify very few as having 

 belonged to the same individual. 



The bones, in the great majority of cases, had been broken in pro- 

 cess of extraction; and very few presented marks of gnawing. 

 Some of the femora, however, were scored with teeth-marks, feebly 

 impressed as compared with those to be seen in the dens of Hyaenas. 

 So feeble, indeed, was the gnawing-power exercised on the bones 

 that there were several cases of the head of the femur having been 

 attacked without success. These marks, therefore, cannot be attri- 

 buted to the powerful jaws of the Hyaena, but have been probably 

 produced by the Bears and Wolves of which the remains were found 

 in the same place. 



Very few of the bones presented traces of disease, with the excep- 

 tion of the metacarpals, of which one fourth, or 10 out of 40, had 

 been injured in front, probably by either kicks or stumbling. None 

 of the metatarsals bore the same kind of marks, as might be expected 

 from their being less liable to injury. 



§ 3. Reindeer. — The remains of the Eeindeer (Cervus tarandus) 

 consisted of 2 skulls, 19 fragments of frontals bearing antlers, and 23 

 antler-fragments; and with one exception these belong to young 

 adults. The teeth, jaws, and bones amount to 491 ; and of the first 

 of these (78 in number), 21, or one quarter, were milk-molars or 

 fangless teeth of the true molar series. The milk-molars, however, 

 belong to older animals than those of the Bison ; and among them 

 only one third are lower molars with imperfectly developed fangs. 



* For the detailed examination and comparison of this fine series of teeth, I 

 must refer to the Appendix to " The British Fossil Oxen" (Quart. Journ. GeoL 

 Soc), which I hope shortly to finish. 



