MAMMALIA FOUND AT WINDY KNOLL. 



253 



Table of Measurements of Limb-bones of Wolf. 















_^ 





- i 















a A 





& •§ 





-I 





f 



1 



1 



a 



g 



1 8 



a 



S 



Transverse measure 

 ment of proximal 

 articulation. 



Vertical measureme 

 of proximal artici 

 lation. 



Transverse measure 

 ment of distal 

 articulation. 



a « 



1 1 C/J 



r 









in. 



in. 



in. 



in, 



in. 



in. 



Humeri .... 



7 



/Max. 

 \Min. 



"<8 : 3 



2-4 



2-3 



"i : 6 



"i'-s 



1-0 



1-9 

 1-9 









Ulna 



4 



1 



6 



/Max. 

 \Min. 



8-6 



2-1 



0-6 



0-8 



1-6 



1-9 



10 



05 



1-2 

 1-1 



10 



06 





Tibise 

















1 





1-3 



1-9 



0-7 



1-2 



0-7 



05 





1 





2-1 



1-8 



0-5 



06 



0-5 







§ 7. Remains mark Route of Migration. — The number of indivi- 

 duals represented by the remains is, so far as I can estimate it, as 

 follows : — 



Bison 40-60, 



Reindeer 20-30, 



Grisly Bear 4-5, 



Wolf 7. 



The herbivores are largely in excess of the carnivores ; and the 

 Bisons were far more abundant than the Reindeer during the time 

 of the accumulation of the remains. 



From the position of Windy Knoll at the head of the grand defile 

 of the Winnetts, which would offer free passage to the mammalia in 

 their migrations from the valley of the Derwent into the plains of 

 Lancashire and Cheshire, it is very probable that these remains mark 

 one of the routes by which the Bisons and Reindeer passed from the 

 east to the west of England. They may have been accumulated at 

 a drinking-place, as is suggested by Mr. Pennington. 



The association of the carnivores with the herbivores may be 

 satisfactorily explained on the hypothesis that they followed the 

 Bisons and Reindeer in their migrations. With regard to the latter 

 animals, Admiral von Wrangell gives a most graphic account of 

 what he observed in his journey through the stony Tundra near the 

 river Baranicha, in North-eastern Siberia *. 



" I had hardly finished the observation," he writes, " when my 

 whole attention was called to a highly interesting and, to me, a 



* ' Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea in 1820-23/ edited by 

 General Sabine [London, 1840], p. 294, 



