326 BEITISH LEPIDOPTEKA. 



larva as "very pale sulphur-yellow, with the dark green alimentary 

 canal showing through the skin ; the head shiny brown, being 

 especially dark towards the hinder part." The larva mines with the 

 dorsum uppermost (Wood). 



Cocoon. — The cocoons (5) examined average almost 3 mm. in length, 

 and 2 mm. in width. They are oval in outline, rather wider at one end 

 than the other, the pupa emerging from the wider end. The cocoon 

 is of a pale straw colour, and covered with an exceedingly thick outer 

 coating of loose flossy silk, reminding one (under the lens) of a cocoon 

 of Bombyx mori. [Described under a two-thirds lens, on July 12th, 

 1898, from cocoons sent by Dr. Wood.] Cocoons sent by Fletcher 

 were spun up on the leaves of the food-plant, probably the usual 

 method in nature. Stain ton notes the pupa as being " of moderate size, 

 rather egg-shaped, whitish-yellow in colour, the outer portion remain- 

 ing loose and flossy." Sorhagen adds that " the cocoons are yellowish 

 when spun on Corylus, whitish when on Carpinus." 



Pupa. — The empty pupa-case is quite transparent, without any 

 darker markings, and protrudes as far as the third abdominal segment. 

 There is a considerable amount of iridescence on the pupal skin, and 

 each of the abdominal segments 2-6 presents a raised dorsal belt, along 

 which is a plentiful supply of brown hooklets, large and well-developed 

 compared with the size of the pupa, by means of which undoubtedly 

 the pupa is able to emerge before the appearance of the imago. 



Food-plants. — Corylus avellana and Carpinus betulus. One leaf 

 sometimes contains as many as twelve larva? (Hind). 



Time of appeapvAnce. — The insect is double-brooded, the imagines 

 appearing in May and August, from larva? feeding in September- 

 October and July respectively. Peyerimhoff notes the imago in 

 April, in Alsace, and Sand in May, at Nohaut, from larva? found in 

 November. Frey notes a first brood at Zurich in May, with a second 

 brood, at the end of July-August. Stainton captured imagines May 

 21st, 1851, at Beckenham, August 2nd, 1851, July 23rd-26th, 1852, 

 May 17th, 1855, June 17th, 1855, May 23rd, 1881, at Lewisham. 

 He also bred the species on March 22nd, May 9th, August 10th, 13th, 

 14th, 1853, February 19th, March 30th, April 1st, 1854, March 9th, 

 25th, 26th and April 1st, 1855, all at Lewisham. Threlfall bred 

 imagines from April llth-30th, 1878, from larva? taken at Wither- 

 slack, October 6th, 1877. He also captured imagines at the same 

 locality on May 14th, 1878. Nolcken records mines as early as 

 August 3rd, in Eotsikull, nr. Pichtendahl. Mines were common also 

 on nut on October 6th, 1890, at Darenth, on October 15th, 1890, on 

 hornbeam, at Bexley, on October 25th, 1892, on nut, at Eltham 

 (Bower) . 



Localities. — Berks : Beading (Hamm). Cheshire : Birkenhead (Stainton), 

 Derby : Burton (Sang). Dorset : Bloxworth (Cambridge), Purbeck (Bankes), 

 Weymouth (Bichardson), Glanvilles Wootton (Dale). Durham : Darlington (Sang). 

 Essex : Epping (Stainton), Wickham Bishops (Cansdale). Gloucester : Bristol 

 (Stainton). Hereford : Tarrington (Wood). Kent : Tenterden, Lewisham, 

 Pembury (Stainton), Croydon (Elisha), Darenth, Bexley, Eltham (Bower), 

 Chattenden (Tutt). Lanark: Langside, Kenmuir Bank (King). Lancashire: 

 common everywhere in the county (Ellis), Manchester (Stainton). Leicester : 

 Market Harboro' (Matthews). Linlithgow: Drumshoreland (Logan). Norfolk; 

 Merton, Horstead (Barrett). Northumberland: Newcastle (Stainton). Somerset: 

 Clevedon (Mason). Surrey: Haslemere (Barrett). Sussex: common in the 

 county, Goring Woods, etc. (Fletcher), Lewes (Stainton), Guestling (Bloomfield). 



