340 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



not unlike those of A r . viscerella. The frass is collected into a broad 

 stripe, and only towards the end is it deposited in a line, so that a 

 greenish margin borders the gallery." A mine made in Rhamnw 

 alaternus (larva noticed below) is described as " a broad gallery, almost a 

 narrow blotch ; the old part of the mine brownish, the recent part pale 

 green ; the excrement dark brown, at first nearly occupies the whole 

 width of the mine, afterwards blacker, and only occupies the central 

 portion of it." 



Larva. — Length 2 lines ; pale greenish-amber ; head pale brown, 

 and two pale brown lobes, showing through the prothorax ; mouth 

 and two slender lines receding from it reddish-brown (Stain ton). 

 Larvae obtained by Stainton, at Mentone, on Rhamnus alatermis, were 

 described as follows : " Length 2 lines, pale amber, dorsal vessel greener; 

 head pale brown, with the mouth and sutures darker, and with a 

 short dark mark posteriorly " (Tin. of Southern Europe, pp. 228-229). 

 The larva mines with its dorsum uppermost (Wood). 



Cocoon. — The cocoon is very pale ochreous, rather flossy and 

 elongate, almost pointed at the narrow, and rounded at the broader 

 end. From the latter, the anterior segments are protruded before the 

 emergence of the imago (Stainton). Sorhagen says "pale yellow and 

 pear-shaped." 



Food-plants. — Rhamnus catharticus and R. alatermis. 



Time of appearance. — Double-brooded, the imagines appearing in 

 May-June (March, in confinement), and July-August, from larvae 

 found in October and June-July respectively. Stainton obtained 

 mines at Lewisham on October 26th, 1851, and again in July and 

 October, 1852. From the latter, he bred imagines almost continuously 

 from February lst-June 24th, 1853. He also bred the summer 

 imagines from July 9th-26th, 1863. Sorhagen notes the larvae at 

 Hamburg as occurring " singly " in July, " commonly " in October, 

 in hedges and on outskirts of woods. Threlfall obtained imagines 

 August 5th-15th, 1878, from larvae collected July 16th, at Wither- 

 slack ; and Durrant bred imagines on June 15th, 1898, from larvae 

 collected at Merton the preceding October. Bower notes mines on 

 October 5th, 1891, at Darenth, October 27th, 1897, at Lee. From 

 mines obtained March 14th, 1867, on R. alaternus, near Pont St. 

 Louis, Mentone, imagines emerged April 30th-May 10th, 1867. 

 De Peye also notes mines in March on the same plant at Cannes. 



Localities. — Cambridge : Cambridge, Wicken, Cherryhinton (Farren), 

 Cambridge (Warren). Dorset: Bloxworth (Cambridge), Glanvilles Wootton (Dale), 

 Weymouth (Richardson). Gloucester: Bristol (Vaughan). Hereford: Tarring- 

 ton (Wood). Kent: Lewisham (Stainton), Alkham (Beale),Lee, Darenth (Bower). 

 Lancashire: Grange, Silverdale (Threlfall). Norfolk: King's Lynn, Swaffham, 

 Croxton (Atmore), Merton (Durrant). Surrey: Sanderstead (Bower). Sussex: 

 Arundel Park, Salvington Down, nr. Worthing, common (Fletcher), ? Guestling 

 (Bloomfield). Westmorland: Witherslack (Threlfall). York: (Stainton), Scar- 

 borough (Wilkinson). 



Distribution. — France: Cannes (Milliere), Alpes Maritimes (Con- 

 stant), Nohaut (Sand), Pont St. Louis, nr. Mentone, (Stainton). 

 Germany: generally distributed (Heinemann and Wocke), Alsace 

 (Peyerimhoff), Frankfort- on-the-Main (Schmid), Potsdam, Berlin, 

 Finkenkruge, Hamburg, Hanover, Breslau (Sorhagen), Alt Damm, 

 nr. Stettin, Misdroy (Hering). Netherlands: North Brabant (Snellen). 

 Bussia : Pichtendahl (Nolcken). Scandinavia; Scania (Wallengren). 

 Switzerland : Zurich (Frey). 



