366 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



(Apoda testudo) and Heterogenea cruciata are well protected on the dead 

 leaves, to which they remain attached throughout the winter. 



The pupa is of a very generalised type. The abdominal segments 

 are all free, i.e., they are not soldered to the wings and appendages, 

 and appear to be capable of independent movement upon each other. 

 It is probable, however, that the insect rarely does move them, being 

 tightly packed in its cocoon. The maxillae are small, but are prolonged 

 outwards, and after passing through a narrow neck, terminate in a 

 (sometimes rather twisted) club between the eyes, antennas and legs. 

 This club represents the maxillary palpus or " eye-collar," which 

 nowhere in Macros has any such development. As has been pre- 

 viously noted, the pupa possesses a beak, placed between the eyes 

 (for rupturing the cocoon). The mesoscutellum projects backward, 

 so that its sharp apex almost reaches the second abdominal segment. 

 The eye-flange exists in other families, but is nowhere else so well- 

 developed as here. It is a remarkable structure, forming, in this 

 superfamily, a flat flange-like margin with sharp edge, separated from 

 the antennas, at the point where, in most pupae, the eye abuts against 

 the antenna. In some Eucleid pupae it is marked with radiating 

 lines that surround the eye, without quite joining the antenna. On 

 the back of the abdominal segments there are transverse series of 

 toothed spines, which vary in number and development in the different 

 species. In dehiscence, the wings, maxillas, etc., adhere together and 

 do not break apart as do those of an obtect pupa. At the same time 

 they are quite free from the abdominal segments. * 



The imagines present great differences in their general appearance, 

 almost as much so as the larvae. The white Eucleids of subtropical 

 America, as represented by Calybia slossoniae, C. immaculata, C. 

 pygmaea, C. fumosa, C. jamaicensis, Leucophobetron argentiflua, L. 

 argyrorrhoea, etc., have been placed in the Liparidae by Kirby. Tbe 

 Tortricid appearance of our two European species led the early authors 

 to place them among the Tortricides. The brightly-coloured Parasa 

 media, with its grass-green band, occupying the basal half of the 

 wings, and its brush-like palpi, and the rounded (ovate) anterior fore- 

 wings of Scopelodes unicolor, are sufficiently striking to attract attention. 

 Yet there can be no doubt that the great differences in colour and 

 wing-shape exhibited by the imagines of this superfamily are due to 

 protective needs, and it is remarkable how fixed is the generalised form 

 of the neuration, even in imagines so different in shape and general 

 appearance. Griffiths says that the imaginal frenulum is very normal 

 in the Cochliopodids, the spine being light and thin rather than 

 powerful. The spinulae of the female are few in number ; in Heterogenea 

 cruciata (asella), there are three, whilst in Apoda avellana (limacodes) 

 there are about twice as many. The examination of four American 

 species of this group, including the very singular species, Phobetron 

 pithecium, shows an agreement with the British species in the develop- 

 ment of this structure, although Adoneta apinuloides has it more fully 

 developed than any other species examined. Bodine says that the 

 antennas present in some respects unusual conditions. Regarded as a 

 whole, they are as generalised as any of the Frenatas, but they possess 

 cones which show a considerable degree of development. The base is 

 almost entirely clothed with long, narrow scales, mingled with many 

 shorter and broader ones, and in Eudea querceti every part of the 



