368 



BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



spines are present in this and the three succeeding ones. This family 

 certainly includes both the European species and, according to Dyar, 

 certain American genera [Packardia, Tortricidia). It is totally im- 

 possible to give here a summary of the species under their proper sub- 

 family groupings, as the life-histories of comparatively few have been 

 worked out. The two genera that have representatives in Britain have, 

 if Kirby's references of the species to this genus be correct, a remark- 

 able distribution. According to this author we have the following : 



Apoda, Haw. 





catenatus, Snell. 



Celebes 



avellana, Linn. 



Europe, Asia 



nubeculosa, Snell. 



Sumatra 





Minor 



dimidiatus, H.-Schaff. Brazil 



christophi, Graes. 



Vladivostock 



concolor, Walk. 



Amazons 



dentatus, Oberth. 



Askold 



grisea, Hamps. 



Nilgiris 



codeti, Oberth. 



Algeria 



inferna, Swinh. 



Eangoon, 



retractata, Walk. 



Darjiling 





Bhamo 



apicalis, Walk. 



Silhet 



? convergens, Walk 



Silhet 



trigona, H.-Edw. 



Arizona 



Heterogenea, Knoch 





tetraspilaris, Walk. 



N. America 



cruciata, Knoch 



Europe 



biguttata, Pack. 



United States 



uncula, Staud. 



Vladivostok 



y-inversa, Pack. 



Pennsylvania 



nobilis, Staud. 



Vladivostok 



parallela, H.-Edw. 



Florida 



fulgens, Leech 



Gensan, Ningpo 



arenacca, Linn. 



Cape Colony 



obliqua, Leech 



Chang Yang 



albiguttatus, Snell 



Celebes 



shurtlem, Pack. 



Brooklyn 



Subfam. : cocHLimNiE. 



Tribe : cochlididi. 



Genus : cochlidion, Hiibner. 



Synonymy. — Genus: Cochlidion, Hb., " Tentamen " (1806). Tortrix, Linn., 

 "Sys. Nat.," x., p. 531 (1758); Hb., " Eur. Schmett.," vii., figs. 164-5 (? 1803) ; 

 Bombyx, Hufn., " Bed. Mag.," iii., p. 402 (1767) ; Fab., " Gen. Ins.," p. 279 (1777); 

 "Mant. Ins.," p. 121 (1787); Esp., "Die Schmett.," iii., p. 140 (1784); Bork., 

 " Sys. Besch.," iii., p. 447 (1790) ; Godart, " Lep. France," iv., p. 279 (1822). Apoda, 

 Haw., "Lep. Brit.," p. 137 (1809) ; Kirby, " Cat. Lep. Het ," i., p. 552 (1892) ; 

 " Handbook," etc., iii., p. 224 (1897); Meyr., "Handbook," etc., p. 451 (1895); 

 Grote, «' Sys. Lep. Hildesiaa," p. 3 (1895). Chelonias, Hb., " Verz.," pp. 397-8, in 

 part (? 1822). Limacode, Latr., "Fam. Nat.," p. 474 (1825). Limacodes, Bdv., 

 "Ind. Meth.,"p. 57 (1829); Stephs., "111. Brit. Ent.," ii., p. 85 (1829); Bdv., 

 "Hist. Nat. Lep.," i., p. 119 (1836); Wood, "Ind. Ent.," p. 28 (1839) ; Dup., 

 " Cat. Meth.," p. 84 (1844) ; H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," p. 15 (1845) ; Sta., "Man.," 

 i., p. 169 (1857); Snell., " De Vlinders," etc., i., p. 120 (1867); Nolck.,"Lep. 

 Fauna Estl.," i., p. 118 (1868) ; Newm., " Brit. Moths," p. 21 (? 1869) ; Kirby, " Eur. 

 Butts.," etc., p. 114 (1879); Frey, " Lep. der Schweiz," p. 89 (18S0) ; Buckler, 

 " Larvse," etc., iii., pi. 53, fig. 8 (1889) ; Chapmn., " Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.." 1894, 

 p. 34."» ; Barr., "Lep. Brit.," ii., p. 166 (1894). Heterogenea, Tr., "Die Schmett. 

 Eur.," viii., p. 13 (1830) ; Speyer, " Geog. Verb. Schmett.," i., p. 304 (1858) ; Staud., 

 "Cat.," p. 62 (1871); Peyer., "Cat. Lep. Als.," p. 57(1880); Auriv., "Nord. 

 Fjarilar," p. 58' (1888) ; Tutt, "British Moths," p. 349 (1896). Cochlicpoda, 

 Led., "Verh. des zool.-bot. Ver. Wien., ii., p. 114 (1852); Hering, " Stett. Ent. 

 Zeit.," xlii., p. 153 (1881). 



Hiibner's Tentamen does not give a diagnosis of the generic title 

 that we are informed should be adopted. The author simply notes : 

 " Cochlidia. Cochlidion testudo." The earliest characterised genus 

 appears to be Haworth's Apoda. 



The main characters of the genus are as follows : — 



Ovum. — Oval in outline, flattened at base, slightly domed above, surface of 

 shell reticulated. 



Larva. — Limaciform ; head retractile ; true le^s ill-developed ; prolegs replaced 

 by retractile suckers ; spined in early stages, smooth in last skin. 



Pupa. — Incomplete ; appendages free ; abdominal segments free ; maxillary 

 palpus well-developed ; strongly developed eye-flange ; beak between the eyes for 

 rupturing cocoon. 



