ANTHROCERA. 415 



(1835) ; Dup., "Lep. France," supp., ii., p. 34 (1835) ; Zell.. "Isis," p. 274 (1839) ; 

 p. 296 (1847) ; Zett., " Ins. Lapp.," p. 919 (1840) ; Evers., " Faun. Lep. Volg.-Ural.," 

 p. 93 (1844) ; De Selys, " Mem. Soc. Liege," ii., p. 6 (1845) ; H.-Sch., ■« Sys. Bearb.," 

 ii., p. 28 (1845) ; Assm., " Abbild. Schmett. Schles.," ii., p. 7 (1845) ; Led., " Verb., 

 zool.-bot. Ges. Wien," ii., p. 93 (1852); Kayser, " Deutsch. Schmett.," p. 168 

 (1852-1859); Speyer, " Geog. Verb. Schmett.," p. 340 (1858) ; Eamb., "Cat. Lep. 

 And.," p. 161 (1858-1866) ; Hein., "Die Schmett.," i., p. 154 (1859) ; Lucas, " Hist. 

 Nat.," 2nd Ed, p. 150 (1864); Birch., " E.M.M.," iii., p. 33 (1866); Snell., " De 

 Vlinders," p. 126 (1867) ; Nolck., " Lep. Fn. Est.," i., p. 97 (1868) ; Newm., "Brit. 

 Moths," p. 23 (?1869); Staud., " Hor. Soc. Ross.," vli., p. 102 (1871) ; Staud. and 

 Wooke, " Cat.," p. 45 (1871) ; Mill., " Cat. Lep. Alp.-Mar.," p. 125 (1872) ; White, 

 " Scot. Nat.," L, p. 175 (1872) ; Cum y Martorell, " Cat. Met., Lep.," p. 47 (1874) ; 

 Curo, "Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.," vii., p. 194 (1875) ; Oberth., " Etudes d'Entom.," i., 

 p. 33 (1876) ; viii., p. 27 (1884) ; xii., p. 23 (1888) ; xiii., p. 19 (1890) ; Sand," Cat. Lep. 

 Auv.," p. 22 (1879) ; Frey, " Lep. der Schweiz," p. 64 (1880) ; Peyer., " Cat. Lep. 

 Als.," p. 47 (1880) ; Schoyen, " Norg. Ark. Beg. Lep.," p. 171 (1881) ; Hofmn., " Die 

 Gross-Schmett.,' etc., p. 33 (1887) ; "Die Raupen," etc., p. 35 (1893) ; Hampson, 

 " Fauna of India." i., p. 230 (1892); Chapmn., "Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.," p. Ill 

 (1893) ; Ibid., pp. 344 and 349 (1894) ; Meyr., " Handbook," etc., p. 446 (1895) ; Tutt, 

 " Brit. Moths," p. 351 (1896). Adscita, Retz., " Gen. et Spec. Ins.," pp. 8 and 35, 

 in part (1783) ; Esp., 'Die Schmett.," ii., p. 223, in part (1783). Thermophila, Hb., 

 " Verz.," p. 117 (? 1822). Hesychia, Hb„ " Verz.," p. 116 ^1822). Agrumenia, 

 Hb., "Verz.," p. 116 (? 1822). Eutychia, Hb., " Verz.," p. 117 (? 1822). Anthil- 

 aria, Hb., " Verz.," p. 117 (? 1822). Aeacis, Hb.. " Verz.," p. 117 (? 1822). Lycastes, 

 Hb., " Verz.," p. 118 (? 1822). Mesembrynus, Hb., " Verz.," p. 118 (? 1822). 



Scopoli's diagnosis of the genus reads (Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 414) 

 as follows : — 



Antennae nigne, subclavatre. Alee longre, maculatse. Volatus diurnus. Larva 

 Phalseniformis, segnis, pilosa, capite parvo. Pupa exposita intra folliculum luci- 

 dum. S. filipendulae, etc. 



The citation of filipendulae constitutes this as the type of the genus. 



The chief characters of the genus may be summarised as follows : — 



Ovum. — Oval in outline, long axis horizontal ; pale yellow or pale greenish in 

 colour, one pole transparent ; smooth, or very faintly reticulated. 



Larva. — Flattened ventrally ; head retractile ; in 1st stage tubercles i-ii simple, 

 trapezoidal in position ; iii, iv, v simple ; converted into hair-bearing warts after 

 first stage, i united to ii, and iv to v ; hairs spined ; prolegs well-developed, of Macro 

 type ; feeds exposed ; spins a fusiform or oval silken cocoon, frequently attached 

 to culm, plant- stem or stone. 



Pupa. — Dorsal headpiece well-developed ; maxillary palpus practically obsolete, 

 movable abdominal segments (? 1, 2) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in male, (? 1, 2) 3, 4, 5, 6 in female. 



Imago. — Tongue developed ; antennse dilated towards apex to form a club, tip 

 pointed ; palpi porrect ; frenulum present ; nervures 9, 10, 11 of fore-wings stalked 

 together. Hind-wings with all the nervures from the cell. 



With the exception of Arichalca, Wallgrn., from Zambesi and 

 Caffraria, Arniocera, Hopff . , from Mozambique, Neurosymploca , Wallgrn . , 

 from Caffraria, Matabeleland and the Cape, and Zutidba, Kirby, from 

 Natal, the Cape, Caffraria, and doubtfully from north and north-west 

 India, Kirby includes {Cat. Lep. Het., pp. 62-79) the whole of the 

 Anthrocerids, i.e., the Burnets proper, in the genus Anthrocera. There 

 is no doubt that when more is known of the early stages of these 

 insects, many well-defined genera will be found united under this 

 name. Htibner divided (Verz., pp. 116-118) the European species 

 known to him, and now included in this genus, into no less than eight 

 genera, as follows : (1) Hesychia — laeta, hilaris, fausta, faustina. 

 (2) Ayrumenia — phacae, onobrychis, hedysari, meliloti (= camioiica, 

 Auct.). (3) Eutychia — rhadavianthus, caffra. (4) Antldlaria — spicae, 

 lavandulae. (5) Aeacis — ephialtes. (6) Thermophila — aeacus, peucedani, 

 medicayinis, char on, viciae (melilothi), anyelicae, lonicerae, hippocrepidis, 

 filipendulae, transalpina, cytisi, orobi, trifolii, ylycirrhizae. (7) Lycastes 



