444 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



(1871) ; " Scot. Nat.," i., p. 175 (1872) ; Knaggs, " Ent. Ann.," 1872, p. 112 ; Mill., 

 "Cat.Lep. Alp.-Mar.,"p. 126 (1872); Cur6, "Bull. Ent. Soc. Ital.," vii., p. 196 

 (1875); Kirby, "Eur. Butts.," etc., p. 89 (1879); "Cat. Lep. Het.," p. 67 (1892); 

 "Handbook," etc., iii., p. 89 (1897); Frey, "Lep. der Schweiz," p. 66 (1880); 

 Schoyen, " Nord. Ark. Lep.," p. 171 (1881) ; Oberth., " Lep. des Pyr.," p. 30 (1884) ; 

 Hofmn., "Die Gross-Schmett.," p. 34 (1887) ; "Die Kaupen," etc., p. 36 (1893) ; 

 Buckler, "Larvee," etc., ii., p. 13 (1887) ; Auriv., "Nord. Fjar.," p. 53 (1888); 

 Tugwell, " Y. Nat.," xi., p. 206 (1890) ; Tutt, " Ent. Becord," etc., v., 258 (1894) ; 

 "Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc," 1895, p. 94 ; " Brit. Moths," p. 354 (1896) ; Barr., 

 " Lep. Brit.," ii., p. 121 (1894) ; Meyr., " Handbook," etc., p. 448 (1895). Vanadis, 

 Newrn., " Entom.," vi., p. 22 (1872). [The synonymy is discussed E7it. Record, 

 etc., v., pp. 258 et seq.~\ 



Original description. — Sphinx exulans (Der verwiesene Dern- 

 merungsvogel). Sphinx. Alis superioribus hyaline- virescentibus, 

 albido-nervosis, maculis quinque rubris utrinque conspicuis ; inferi- 

 oribus, praeter marginem apicis hyaline- virescentem, rubris immacu- 

 latis. This moth has the size of S. statices or S. filipendulae. Head, 

 thorax, abdomen, and the whole body are above and below black, covered 

 thickly with similarly coloured scales. The head small, almost globular, 

 somewhat narrower and stumpily pointed below, and bent downwards. 

 The two palpi are curved upwards, round, black-haired ; the tongue 

 lying between them wound spirally, and glittering black-brown in colour. 

 The eyes beneath the antennas raised, naked and black. The antenna? 

 moderately long, black, not transparent, thread-like, roundish, thickish 

 towards the end, awl-shaped at the point, in front marked with many 

 ring-shaped incisions. The thorax cushion-shaped, with a whitish 

 hairy band, interrupted in the middle. The abdomen longish, almost 

 uniformly thick, stumpy. The six legs whitish or light yellowish. 

 The .... fore-wings somewhat oval, of a watery-greenish colour, 

 almost semi-transparent, with four raised whitish ribs, running 

 longitudinally from the base to beyond the middle of the wing, and 



five red spots apparent both on the upper- and undersides The 



hind-wings have a watery-greenish coloured margin, with a white 

 outer margin, the remainder of the wing being entirely red, unspotted, 

 and almost semi-transparent. This moth inhabits the extreme Alpine 

 summits of the ice-mountains at Glockner,on the so-called Pasterze,and 

 lives probably on the " Eis-" or " ahrengetragenden Beifuss " (? Artemisia 

 glacialis) which are almost the only plants of this perpetual winter- 

 land (Hohenwarth, Botanische Reisen nach einigen Oberkdrntnerischen 

 benachbarten Alpen, p. 265). This is evidently only a description of 

 the female. 



Imago.— Anterior wings thinly scaled, purplish-green, green, 

 blackish-green, or greyish-green in colour, with five red (carmine) spots. 

 Posterior wings carmine, with a narrow grey-green or blackish border. 



Sexual dimorphism. — The sexual dimorphism of this species is 

 very striking, and has been noticed by almost all entomologists who 

 have studied the species. Dalman described the male without 

 pale collar and pale nervures as vanadis, the female as exulans. 

 Boisduval notes that the females are veined with white, the corselet 

 and epaulettes whitish, the males bluish-black, with bluish-black 

 thorax, but both sexes with a greyish-white collar. White, apparently 

 misled by certain Continental references, writes (Entom. Month. 

 Magazine, viii., p. 68) that " typical exulans, from the higher Alps 

 and Pyrenees, have the nervures sprinkled with ochreous, but in the var. 

 vanadis, Dalm., which is the Scandinavian form, the wings are more 



