ANTHKOCERA (LYCASTEs) EXULANS. 447 



This variety differs from the type by the absence of theochreous tints (except in the 

 female, which is slightly marked with ochreous), and by the broader green margin 

 to the hind-wings of the same breadth in each sex, and from the var. vanadis, by 

 the presence of the ochreous tints, and the females, by the more abundant scales 

 on the wings. Inhabits Scotland (Braemar). 



This variety was founded on at least three misconceptions. (1) 

 That the normally pale portions of the female wing are more ochreous 

 in the type. (2) That the var. vanadis is without the ordinary pale 

 markings of the female. (3) That the var. vanadis is a well-scaled 

 form. As to these points — the typical female (vide, ante p. 444) certainly 

 has the normally pale parts of the wing whitish or whitish-ochreous. 

 The female of the var. vanadis, described by Dalman as exulans (vide, ante 

 p. 446) also has the normal pale areas. The var. vanadis is described 

 {vide p. 446) as being " sub-diaphanous," the very term used by White 

 for subochracea. White evidently has mistaken ab. Jiavilinea for the 

 type. Similarly Tugwell has mistaken var. clara for the type in his 

 comparison [Young Nat., xi., p. 206 and Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc, 

 1894, p. 93) between Swiss and Scotch examples, and the premises 

 being false, the conclusions are necessarily erroneous. We are unable 

 to distinguish clearly between this variety and var. vanadis, Dalm., and 

 have numerous specimens from various continental localities that 

 appear to be indistinguishable. A careful comparison of the follow- 

 ing notes with Dalman's description of vanadis will, we think, make 

 this clear. Eeid says that "when alive and newly-emerged, the 

 females appear as if dusted over with a fine white powder," and 

 Tugwell notices the " ridges of the nervures as covered with pale 

 whitish-grey scales," a sexual distinction noticed by Dalman. Tug- 

 well distinguishes (Ent., xxviii., p. 286) the Scotch examples (com- 

 pared with Oberalp forms, including ab. clara, ab. Jiavilinea, etc.) : 

 (1) By the less dense scaling and duller coloration. (2) By the 

 more carmine tone of the spots and hind-wings. (3) By the absence 

 of a more or less conspicuous pale collar in the males. (4) By 

 the darker coloration of the legs of the male. He adds that " in 

 the Braemar specimens the red spots are never uniform in colour, 

 but have a deeper tinted centre, surrounded by an ochreous ring." 

 These peculiarities appear to be the essential characters that Dalman 

 gave (ante, p. 446) for the Lapland form (vanadis $ and exxdans 2 ) 

 in 1816, and Tugwell, therefore, not only here, but even more 

 decidedly in the Young Nat., xi., p. 206, confirms our opinion that 

 Scotch specimens answer well to Dalman's description. The only 

 difference we notice in a very long series of Bossekop examples of 

 var. vanadis is the rather larger average size of the Scandinavian 

 examples. For the rest, all the essential points noted above as character- 

 istic of Scotch specimens are found here and also in very many Alpine 

 specimens. Whilst, however, this duller form with a minimum of pale 

 markings comprises the bulk of Scotch examples, it includes only a small 

 portion of the Alpine ones. Chapman thinks that the very finest 

 Braemar examples present a Psyclie-like flimsiness, that is never seen 

 in continental examples. We have examples from Cogne, Le Lautaret, 

 Braemar, etc., that we should refer here. 



3. ? exulans, Hohen., " Bot. Beis.," etc. — Fore-wings pale greenish, almost 

 semi-transparent, four raised nervures sprinkled with whitish scales, five red spots 

 apparent both on upper and underside ; hind-wings red, almost transparent, with 

 pale greenish margin bordered externally with white. 



This (the type) is evidently a form closely resembling, even if not 



