ANTHROCERA TRIFOLII AND A. PALUSTRIS. 483 



one in late July and August, in Herm. There are two explanations 

 as to the cause of this constant difference in the time of appearance, 

 as exhibited by different colonies of this species, that may be possibly 

 correct, (1) that the greater number of marsh A. trifolii and A. fili- 

 pendulae take two years to complete their metamorphoses, owing pro- 

 bably to the lower average temperature of such districts, (2) that they 

 have developed a habit of feeding (and pupating) later, and so have 

 shortened the period of hybernation, and thus, having a longer feeding 

 larval period, attain a greater size, even if they only take one year. 

 The fact that Fletcher has been able (ante, p. 418) to obtain occasional 

 second-brooded specimens of the small down and meadow form of A. 

 trifolii, supports the view that this early race tends to feed up more 

 rapidly. 



So far as the evidence leaves one any room for generalisation, there 

 appears every reason to conclude that we have, in Britain and France, 

 at least, two fairly well-defined and specialised subspecies, and as such 

 we propose to deal with them, trusting that these remarks will be the 

 means of drawing attention to an interesting phenomenon, and will 

 lead to exact observations being published of the various forms of the 

 species existing in different parts of its geographical area. 



ANTHROCERA TRIFOLII, Esper. 

 Synonymy. — Species : Trifolii, Esp., " Die Schmett.," ii., p. 223, pi. xxxiv., 

 figs. 4-5 (1783) ; Bork., " Sys. Besch.," ii., pp.26, 123, 164 (1789) ; "Bhein. Mag.," 

 i., pp. 305, 635 (1793) ; De Vill., " Ent. Linn.," ii., no. 54, p. 113 (1789); Hb., 

 " Eur. Schmett.," fig. 79 (? 1803), p. 80 (? 1805), figs. 133, 134, 135 (? 1818) ; " Verz.," 

 . p. 117 (? 1822) ; Ochs., " Die Schmett.," ii., p. 47 (1808) ; Stephs., " Illus.," i., p. 108 

 (1828); Bdv., " Mon. Zyg.," p. 54, pi. iii., fig. 7 (1829); " Icones," p. 59, 

 pi. liv., fig. 8 (1834); Dup., "Hist. Nat.," supp. ii., pi. vi., fig. 7; pi. 

 viii., fig. 1 (1835); Selys, "Cat. Lep. Belg.," p. 23 (1837); " Mem. Soc. 

 Sci. Liege," ii., p. 33 (1845); "Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.," 1872, pp. lvii-lix ; 

 Ibid., 1882, p. cxiii ; Wood, " Ind. Ent.," p. 11 (1839) ; Evers., "Lep. Faun. Volg.- 

 Ural.," p. 96 (1844) ; H.-Seh., " Sys. Bearb.," p. 37 (1845) ; Assmn., " Abbild. 

 Besch. Schmett. Schles.," ii., p. 10 (1845) ; Kayser, " Schmett. Deutsch.," p. 168 

 (1852-9) ; Sta., "Man.," i., p. 80 (1857) ; Bamb., " Cat. Lep. And.," p. 177, pi. i., 

 figs. 5-8 (1858) ; Speyer, " Geog. Verb. Schmett.," p. 346 (1858) ; " Stett.Ent. Zeit.," 

 xxxviii., pp. 40-51 (1877) ; Wallgrn., " Skand. Het.-Fjar.," p. 105 (1863); Lucas, 

 " Hist. Nat.," p. 155 (1864) ; Snellen, " De Vlinders," p. 127 (1867) ; Newm., " Brit. 

 Moths," p. 23 (1869); Staud., " Cat.," p. 47 (1871); Briggs, "Trans. Ent. Soc. 

 Lond.," pp. 422 et seq. (1871); "Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.," pp. xiv-xv (1875); 

 Curo, " Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.," vii., p. 197 (1875) ; Kirby, " Eur. Butts.," etc., p. 90 



(1879) ; " Cat. Lep. Het.," p. 68 (1892) ; " Handbook," etc., p. 90 (1895) ; Sand, 

 " Cat. Lep. Auv.," p. 27 (1879) ; Frey, " Lep. der Schweiz," p. 67 (1880) ; " Mitt. 

 Sch. Ent. Gesell," vii., p. 15 (1887) ; Girard, " Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr.," (5), x., p. cxv 



(1880) ; Peyer., "Cat. Lep. Als.," p. 47 (1880) ; Oberth., " L6p. des Pyr.," p. 30 

 (1884); "Var. chez Lep.," pp. 43-5, pi. viii., fig. 150 (1896); Hofmn., "Die 

 Gross-Schmett.," p. 35 (1887); "Die Baupen," etc., p. 36 (1893); Buckler, 

 " LarvaV' etc., ii., pp. 94-97, pi. xix., fig. 2 (1887) ; Auriv., " Nord. Fjiir.," p. 53 

 (1888); Higgs, "Ent. Bee," i., p. 12 (1890); Parry, "Ent. Bee," ii., p. 108 

 (1891) ; Tutt, " Ent. Bee," ii., p. 109 (1891) ; " Brit. Moths," p. 353 (1896) ; '* Ent. 

 Bee," ix., p. 88 (1897) ; Webb, " Ent. Bee," ii., p. 199 (1891) ; South, " Entom.," 

 xxvi., p. 215 (1893); Barr.,"Lep. Brit.," ii., p. 127, pi. lix., figs, la-c (1894); 

 Christy, "Entom.," xxviii., p. 214 (1895) ; Meyr., " Handbook," etc., p. 448 (1895) ; 

 Caradja, "Iris," viii., p. 72 (in part) (1895) ; Beutti, "Lep. Bad.," 2nd Ed., p. 44 

 (1898). ? Pratorum, De Vill., "Ent. Linn.," ii., p. 114 (1789). Loti, Godart, 

 " Hist. Nat.," hi., p. 134 (in part), pi. xxii., fig. 4 (1821) ; Wood, " Ind. Ent.," fig. 4 

 (1839). 



Original description. — Alis superioribus virescenti-cyaneis, maculis 

 tribus rubris longitudinaliter digestis, coadunatis. Diese Gattung der 



