634 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 



t. ii. f. 2. a. b. — Graculus, Monedula. Gefn. av.^20. t. p. 521'. — Monedula, Lupus. Aldr. orn. i. 

 770. t. p. 771. Raj. av. 40. a. 5. Brifl~. av. ii. 24. n. 6. Gunth. neft. t. 11. f. inf. — Choucas. 

 Buff. oif. iii. 69. PI. enl. n. 523. — Taccola. Cetti, uc. fard. 72. — Mullachia nera. Zinnan, uov. 

 71. t. 10. f. 62. — Dohle, Grave Dohle. Frifch. av. t. 67. Kram. el. 334. — Jackdaw. Brit. zool. 

 i. n. 81. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 37. Ardt. zool. ii. 25 1, c. Alb. av. i. t. 14. Will. orn. 125. t. 19. 

 Lath. fyn. i. 378. n. 9. fup. 78. 



Inhabits Europe and weftern Siberia. — Is thirteen inches in length ; the hides are white. 



611 jS. Collared Jackdaw. — 1 1. ./3..C Monedula torquata. 



Has a white collar round the neck. Lath. ind. orn. i. 155. n. 11. £. Syn. 379. n. 9. a. 



Monedula torquata. Briff. av. ii. 27. n. 6. a. — Helvetian Daw. Charlet, ex. 75. n. 7. onom. 68. 

 n. 7. Jonlt. av. t. 16. 



Inhabits Switzerland. 



612 y. White Jackdaw. — 1 x.y.C. Monedula Candida. 



Is entirely white, with a yellowifh bill. Lath. ind. orn. i. 155. n. 11. y. Syn. i. 379. n. 9. b. 

 Monedula Candida. Briff. av. ii. 27. n. 6. b. Schewenkf. av. filefl 305. Rzacz. audi. pol. 396. 



Inhabits Poland and Silefia. 



613 <T. Black Jackdaw. — 11. J\ C. Monedula nigra. 



Is bright black, the eyes being furrounded with white dots. Lath. ind. orn. i. 155 n. 11. S*. 

 Syn. i. 379. n. 9. c. 



Monedula nigra. Briff. av. ii. 28. n. 7. — Choucas noir. Buff. oif. iii. 69. PI. enl. n. 522. — 

 Chough. Charlet. ex. et onom. 67. n. 3. Sibb. Scot. ill. ii. 1. 3. p. 15. — Schwarze Dohle. Frifch, 

 av. t. 68. 



Inhabits Scotland, and other parts of Europe^ 



614 g. Red-billed Jackdaw. — 11. g. C. Monedula erythrorhynchos. 



Is full black; with red bill, legs, and feet. Lath. ind. orn. i. i55-n. 11. e. 

 Monedula nigerrima. S. G. Gmel. it. iii. 365. t. 39. 



Inhabits Perfia. 



615 £. White-winged Jackdaw.— 11. £. C. Monedula Jeucopterus. 

 The wings are white, and the bill is fomewhat bent. 



616 «. Hoary- headed Jackdaw. — C. Monedula leucocephalus. 



Is entirely black, with the hind head hoary. Phil, tranf. lvii. 347. Lath. ind. orn. i. 156. 

 n. 11. £. 



Inhabits near the Wolga, where it is plentiful in the woods. 



