INTRODUCTION. 13 



distribution, as its comparison with the one adopted in this 

 volume can be easily effected. 



As early as 1854 (Stettiner Entomol. Z. p. 203), I had suggested 

 that the proper way to subdivide the genus Limnobia Meigen, 

 would be, to base this subdivision on the number of the sub- 

 marginal cells, instead of the posterior cells (as Macquart has 

 done it). At the same time, I observed that a division estab- 

 lished upon this character, would be very well supported by 

 characters taken from the structure of the forceps of the male. 



In 1859 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Philad. p 197) I carried 

 out these suggestions, by applying them to the North American 

 fauna. The distribution of the Tipulidse brevipalpi into six 

 groups, proposed by me, was based upou a combination of cha- 

 racters, taken from the number of submarginal cells, the number 

 of antennal joints, the presence or absence of spurs at the tip 

 of the tibiae, and the position of the subcostal cross-vein. This 

 distribution required the adoption of a considerable number of 

 new genera. 



In 1864, Dr. Schiner, in his work Fauna Anstriaca, Diptera, 

 adapted my distribution to the European fauna. 



As the present volume contains the development of the same 

 distribution, the necessary details about it will be given at the 

 proper places below (compare also the § 5 of this Introduction). 



In the same year, Mr. Lioy arranged the Tipulidse (his family 

 Rostrattiti) into four subfamilies : Paludicolini (our Ptychop- 

 terina), Lignicolini (genus Ctenophora), Terricolini (our Tipu- 

 lina), Limnocolini (embracing all our Tipulidae brevipalpi). 

 He proposed several genera, which I will mention in the list 

 given below. 



I conclude this review of the progress of the classification 

 of the Tipulidee with a list, in chronological order, of all the 

 generic and subgeneric names, which have been proposed in this 

 family, whether finally adopted or not. Further historical details 

 about the Tipulidae will be given under the heads of the different 

 genera. 



Tipula Linne, Animalia per Sueciam observ. 1736. 

 Trichocera Meigen, Illiger's Magaz. 1803 (Limnophilina). 

 Erioptera Meig. 1. c. (Eriopterina). 

 Limonia Meig. 1. c. (changed afterwards in Limnobia}. 

 Nephrotoma Meig. 1. c. (Tipulina). 



