1864.] An Account of Upper Kdsh-Mr. 127 



but it lies somewhat higher, and although rough and difficult in many 

 places, it contains a greater portion of. plateaux, and a greater number 

 of level and open valleys. In some parts, also, it is well sheltered ; 

 and the soil, generally, is rich and fertile, producing much grain, and 

 several descriptions of fruit. 



It is divided into two states— Kash-kar-i-Ba-la, or Upper Kash-kar, 

 and Kash-kar-i-Pa-in,* or Lower Kash-kar— both of which are ruled 

 by separate chiefs, entirely independent of each other ; but, at the 

 same time, on the most friendly terms. 



The former principality is less known than the latter ; hence the 

 two have often been confounded together, and called the country of 

 Shah Kator. Both rulers are absolute over their subjects, and have 

 the reputation of selling them into slavery without the slightest 

 compunction. The people are designated among themselves by the 

 general name of Chitrar. 



Lower Kash-kar. 

 Lower Kash-kar, or Chitral, is the real country of Shah Kator, and 

 is the most westerly of the two states. It lies immediately under the 

 southern slopes of the mountains of Hindii Kush, which separate it 

 from Badakhshan ; and through the centre of this state, as well as of 

 Upper Kash-kar, the river, here named after the country fertilized by 

 its waters, flows to the south-west, and joins the Kamah at Cheghan- 

 sarae.f 



The chief town or capital of Lower Kash-kar is Drush, the residence 

 of Tajammul Shah, the son and successor of Shah Kator, who appears 



* For the information of cc Comparative Philologists," I beg to say that the 

 words Bd-ld and Pd-in are Persian. 



t " The original country of the G'hasas seems to have been the present coun- 

 try of Cashcar to the N. E. of Cabul ; for the C'hasas, in the institutes of Menu 

 are mentioned with the Daradas, who are obviously the Bar dee of Ptolemy' 

 whose country now called Darad by the natives, and Daivurd by the Persian 

 authors, is to the N. W. of Cashnlir ; and extends towards the Indus : hence 

 Ptolemy, with great propriety, asserts, that the mountains to the north-east of 

 Cabul, are the real Caucasus. The country of Cashcar is situated in a beautiful 

 valley, watered by a large river, which, after passing close to Chaga Serav 

 Cooner, and Noorgul, joins the Lundy Sindh, or little Sindh, below Jelalabad' 

 in the small district of Oameh (for there is no town of that name), and from 

 this circumstance the little Sindh is often called the river Cameh. **#* Cashcar 

 is also Cashtwar, which denomination is generally distorted into Ketwer and 

 Cuttor by Persian authors and travellers. The town and district of Ketwer 

 mentioned in the life of Amir Timur, is different from this ; and lies about 

 fifteen miles to the N. W. of Chaga Seray, on a pretty large river, which comes 

 from Vahi Galamb : it is generally pronounced Catowr." "\Yilford : On Mount 

 Caucasus; — Asiatic Researches, Yol. YI. pp. 437-8. 



s 2 



