,] R. B. Shaw— On tie Ghalchah Languages. (WakM). 153 



The following is a description of these formations : 



(i) a. The Infinitive (which appears under two forms : ah (or >g) and 

 an or in or mi) may be considered a verbal substantive, which takes 

 several of the Prepositions and Postpositions as well as the Abla- 

 tive termination an. Ex. tsa mara'in-an = than (from) dying. 



h. The Imperfect Indicative is formed from the Dative case of the Infi- 

 nitive (considered as a verbal-substantive) by the addition of the 

 pronominal terminations (see above), and of tu, the 3rd person 

 "Past Tense of the Verb " to be." 



Ex. From chilg-ah " to desire" ; Imperfect, cHlgah-ar am tu (lit. to 

 the desiring I was) " I was desiring." 



From latsar-an "to put"; Imperfect, latsaran-ar am tu "I was 

 putting." 



c. A derivative substantive (used also adjectively) in hilzg. Ex. nasiin- 



huzg " sleepy", " sleeper." It has a future or continuative sense. 



d. Another derivative in asolc, implying fitness or likeness. Ex. konddk- 



asoh "laughable." 



(ii.) a. The Present tense (which has also a Future application) merely 

 adds certain personal terminations to its own proper form. The 

 personal terminations (which are different from the separable ones 

 mentioned under the head of Pronouns) are as follows : 



Singular. 1st am. Plural. 1st an. 



2nd *. 2nd it. 



3rd d. 3rd an. 



[These have a great resemblance, especially in the Plural, to those of the 

 same tense in the Shina dialect of Dardu, which are : 



Singular. 1st urn. Plural. 1st on. 



2nd e. 2nd et. 



3rd eg. 3rd in or en."] 



Ex. Present form : vin; Pres. Tense : vin-am " I see" or " am about to 

 see", &c. 



Pres. form : clialg ; Pres. Tense : chalg-am " I desire" or " am about to 

 desire", &c. 



Sometimes the syllable ap is prefixed or affixed to the Present Tense, 

 when it is used with a Future application. Ex. vinam-ap or ap 

 vinam " I shall see." 



h. The Present Conditional is formed from the Present Indicative by 

 affixing 6 to each of the persons. However, the 1st person singular 

 seems often to be used in its Indicative form, and the 2nd person 

 singular loses its terminational vowel. See Conjugation.* 



* It refers to all times not earlier than the present moment, and so includes all the 



V- 



