1876.] 



E. B. Shaw— On the Ohalchah Languages. 



169 



But it may be said : why should not these separable terminations be 

 considered a tense of the verb substantive ; attached to other verbs as an 

 auxiliary, and also used independently as connecting the subject with its attri- 

 bute ? But I think the following answer might be made. Any tense of 

 the verb substantive must have consisted originally of two elements ; the 

 constant verb element, and the variable personal or pronominal element. 

 In the present case, the former element (if it ever existed) must have been 

 rubbed off, for nothing remains but single syllables varying with the per- 

 sons ; in other words we have come back to the simple pronominal element, 

 corrupted it may be by the companion which it has now shaken off. In 

 either case, the separable terminations which we are considering are Pro- 

 nouns, whether they have gone though the process of being attached to an 

 auxiliary verb substantive (now vanished), or not.* 



3. Eelative clauses, which are rare in the simple Ghalchah dialects, 

 are expressed usually by means of the verbal adjectives in ung (W.) and 

 enj (S.), and in Jcuzg (W.) and ichoz (S.) 

 Ex. 

 Wakhi Ghini schJcot-ung hhalg \ " the person who breaks or 

 Sarikoli a-chin varafchtj-enj adam ) has broken, the cup." 

 Wakhi Ghini schkodhn-kuzg khalg \ " the person who will break 

 Sarikoli a-chin varakht-ichoz adam ) or is in the habit of break- 

 ing, the cup." 

 In this they resemble the Turanian languages. 



4i. Causatives or Transitives are generally formed in iv or uv (Wakhi), 

 and an d and an (Sarikoli). 



Ex. Wakhi : nadhefs-an = to be dented 

 nadhefsilv-an = to dent. 

 Sarikoli : bizeid-ao = to touch 



hizeiddnd-ao = to cause to touch, 

 hizis-am = I touch 

 hizisan-am = I cause to touch. 

 5. In compounds formed of two verbs, both of them generally vary 

 together, taking the terminations of the same person, instead of one of 

 them taking a Participial form, as in Persian, Urdu, &c. 

 Ex. rasidham-durzam = I cut I take 

 (I cut out) 

 instead of 

 dozg-rasidham = having taken I cut 



or 

 rasang-diirzam = having cut I take. 



* Compare the Persian terminations of the Perfect tense (am, i, &c), which are 

 also used to replace the verb substantive (See Forbes' Persian Gram, § 48). They 



