6 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 



in the first instar ; between the first and second changes of skin, 

 as in the second instar, and so on to the chrysalis, which in the 

 case of a caterpillar that moulted, or changed its skin, four 

 times before attaining full growth, would be the sixth instar, 

 and the butterfly would then be the seventh instar. In practice, 

 however, it is usually the stages of the caterpillar alone that are 

 indicated in this way. 



The Chrysalis. 



The term chrysalis more especially applies to such of them 

 as are spotted or splashed with metallic colour, as, for example, 

 the chrysalids of some of the Fritillaries. The scientific term 

 for the chrysalis is pupa, which in the Latin tongue means " a 

 doll or puppet." 



In passing to the chrysalis stage the caterpillars have some- 

 times to make rather more preparations 

 than in previous skin-changing provisions. 

 Those of the Swallow-tail, Whites, 

 Orange-tip, and similar kinds have to pro- 

 vide a silken girdle for the waist as well as 

 a pad for the tail. Chrysalids that hang 

 suspended, head downwards, such as the 

 Vanessids, Fritillaries, etc., are attached by 

 the cremaster — a hooked arrangement on 

 the tail (Fig. 5) — to a pad of silk ; others, 

 such as the Blues and the Coppers, appear 

 Fig. 4. to be held in position on a leaf, or some 



Caterpillar of Small other object, by means of a fine girdle of 

 White, about to g -j k or somet i me s a few silken threads 

 change to chrysa- ' ,.,, -,11 i 



li s# spread net-like above and below them — 



rudiments of a cocoon in fact. Chrysalids 

 of the Skippers are enclosed in a more or less complete cocoon 

 placed within a chamber, formed of a leaf or leaves of the 

 food-plant, drawn together by silken cables. Some of these 



