THE GRAYLING. 117 



Europe, and its range extends into Northern Asia Minor, 

 Kurdistan, and Armenia ; the Altai and South Siberia. 



It may be noted here that E. ligea was supposed to have 

 been taken in Arran at the same time as E. blandina, that is 

 in 1804. If this were so, it would seem that the captor must 

 have exterminated the species, for, although the island has often 

 been closely explored, no one has been able to detect the 

 " Arran Brown " again. 



The Grayling {Satyrus semele). 



On the upper side, this butterfly (Plate jK) is brown, more 

 or less suffused with black, and this is especially noticeable on 

 the outer area of the wings in the male, where it obscures 

 the ochreous or rust coloured bands, which in the female 

 are almost free from the suffusion. The fore wings have two 

 black spots, the upper one generally, and the lower often, 

 pupilled with white. On the hind wings the bands are clear 

 of blackish suffusion to a greater or lesser extent, and there is 

 one black spot towards the anal angle which may be pupilled 

 with white. Apart from its larger size and brighter bands, the 

 female may be distinguished from the male by the absence of 

 the blackish brand on the disc of the fore wings. On the under 

 side, the fore wings are ochreous, tinged with orange on the 

 basal half or two-thirds ; hind wings are greyish, with darker 

 markings, and an irregular white or whitish band beyond the 

 middle. 



Variation is largely confined to the under side of the hind 

 wings, and these wings, as well as the costal edge and the tips 

 of the fore wings, are coloured and marked, in various localities 

 that the butterfly affects, so that the insects may be protected 

 from their enemies when resting. 



On the upper side of the fore wings an additional spot is 



