THE LARGE HEATH. 1 33 



and there is a whitish band before them ; the under side of the 

 hind wings is olive brown on the basal two-thirds, covered with 

 pale hair, and the outer third is brownish merging into greyish 

 on the outer margin ; an irregular white or whitish band limits 

 the two areas ; there are six ochreous ringed black spots, with 

 white pupils, but they are always rather small in size. The 

 female is much paler than the male. 



This is the usual form in Northumberland, Cumberland, 

 Yorkshire, and Ireland ; it also occurs in Lancashire, West- 

 moreland, and the South of Scotland. 



Var. fthiloxenus, Esper. This is davus (Small Ringlet), 

 Haworth, and rothliebii, Newman (Plate 90, Figs. 3, 4, 6). 



On the upper side the colour is dark brown in the male and 

 rather paler in the female ; the spots are very distinct, ringed 

 with fulvous ; those on the hind wings are generally three in 

 number, and often five or six ; on the under side, the bands 

 are whiter, and often broader, and the spots are very black, 

 large, and conspicuous. 



This form is found on some of the mosses in Lancashire and 

 Westmoreland, in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and in North 

 Shropshire ; but the most characteristic examples of the form 

 are chiefly obtained in the first-named county, from which it 

 was first made known, in 1795, as tne "Manchester Argus," 

 or " Manchester Ringlet." 



Var. scotica, Staudinger (laidion, Staud., but not of Bork- 

 hausen), PL 90, Figs. 1, 2, 4, 55, 3?, is the typhon of Haworth, 

 as stated by Newman ; the latter author, however, figures it 

 as davus, Fabricius, which is doubtful. 



The ground colour is pale tawny, sometimes suffused with 

 brownish, greyish on the margin, and broadly so on the outer 

 area of the hind wings ; the spots are often absent, and when 

 present are rarely very distinct. The female is much paler than 

 the male. The under side of the hind wings is somewhat similar 

 to that of the typical form, but sometimes the whole area is a 



