ORTHOPTERA. 105 



ceived the special name tegmina (teg'mi-na); they are furnished 

 with a fine network of veins, and overlap at the tip at least. 

 There are many species in which the wings are rudimentary, 

 even in the adult state. Such adults resemble nymphs ; but 

 in the case of the jumping Orthoptera, where this peculiar- 

 ity most often occurs, nymphs can be distinguished by the 

 fact that the rudimentary hind wings are outside of the fore 

 wings, instead of beneath them, as in the adult state. 



This order includes only six families. We are able, there- 

 fore, to discuss all of them in this work. The following 

 synopsis will aid the student in fixing in his mind the more 

 important characteristics of each family. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF THE ORTHOPTERA. 



The Running Orthoptera. — The body is oval when seen from 

 above, and is very flat; the three pairs of legs are similar in 

 form ; the insects run rapidly, p. 106 BLATTiDiE. 



The Grasping Orthoptera. — The prothorax is very long and 

 slender ; the first pair of legs are very different from the others, 

 and are fitted for grasping, p. 106 .Mantid^e. 



The Walking Orthoptera.— The body is very long and slender; 

 the three pairs of legs are similar in form, and are also very 

 long and slender ; the insects walk slowly, p. 108 Phasmid^e. 



The Jumping Orthoptera. — The hind legs are very much stouter 

 or very much longer, or both stouter and longer, than the 

 middle pair, being fitted for jumping. This group includes three 

 families : 

 The Short-horned Grasshoppers, or Locusts. — The antennae are 

 shorter than the body. The ovipositor of the female is short and 

 composed of four separate plates. The tarsi are three-jointed. 



p. 108 ACRIDID^E. 



The Long-horned Grasshoppers. — The antennae are very slender 

 and longer than the body. (This is also true of the crickets.) 

 The ovipositor is sword-shaped. The tarsi are four-jointed. 



p. 112 LOCUSTIDjE. 



The Crickets. — The antennae, like those of the long-horned grass- 

 hoppers, are very slender and longer than the body, except in 

 the mole-crickets. The ovipositor is spear-shaped when exerted. 

 The tarsi are three-jointed, p. 115 GrylliD;E. 



