LEPIDOPTERA. 277 



The male is represented by Figure 326. In this species 

 veins II and III of the hind wings coalesce for a considerable 

 distance along the second fourth of the discal cell ; and veins 

 III and Vj of the hind wings separate at the apex of the dis- 

 cal cell. 



♦The two species of Canker-worms are sufficiently alike 

 in habits to warrant our combating them by similar methods. 

 The fact that in each the female is wingless and is thus 

 forced to climb up the trunks of trees in order to place her 

 eggs in a suitable place has suggested the method of. defence 

 that has been most generally used in the past. This is to 

 place something about the trunks of the trees which will 

 make it impossible for the wingless female to ascend them. 

 Some viscid substance, as tar, printers' ink, or melted rubber, 

 either painted on the trunk of the tree or upon a paper band 

 which is tacked closely about the tree, is the means usually 

 adopted. Many other devices have been recommended. 

 In the use of this method of prevention, operations should 

 be begun in the autumn, even when it is the Spring Canker- 

 worm that is to be combated. For in this species some of 

 the moths emerge in the fall or during the winter. 



Although the method just described is still the most avail- 

 able one when tall shade-trees are to be protected, it is now 

 rarely used in orchards. Here the spraying of the trees with 

 Paris-green water soon after the leaves appear is found 

 more practicable. This method has also the advantage of 

 enabling the fruit-grower to reach other important pests, as 

 the Codlin-moth, at the same time. 



Family Ennomid^e (En-nom'i-dae). 

 The Ennomids (En' 110-mids). 



Nearly all of the members of this family can be easily 

 recognized as such by the fact that vein V 2 of the hind wings 

 is wanting, being represented merely by a fold. In a few 

 species this vein has been preserved ; these can be recog- 



