LEPIDOPTERA. 



351 



of the hind wing is largely developed, and is usually strength- 

 ened by a deep furrow, the bottom of which is sometimes 

 thickened so as to appear like a humeral vein (Fig. 429). 



The larvae live exposed on the leaves of trees and shrubs ; 

 they are more or less armed with tubercles and spines, and 

 are very conspicuous on account of their large size. They 

 transform within silken cocoons, which are usually very 

 dense, and in some cases have been utilized by man. These 

 cocoons are often attached to trees and shrubs, and are 

 sometimes inclosed in a leaf. They can be easily collected 

 during the winter months, and the adults bred from them. 



The following species are those that the young student 

 is most likely to find : — 



The Io-moth, Automeris io (Au-tom'e-ris To). — This 

 is the most common of the smaller species of the family. 

 The female is represented by Figure 430. In this sex the 



Fid 430 — Automeris io. 



ground-color of the fore wings is purplish red. The male 

 differs greatly in appearance from the female, being some- 

 what smaller and of a deep yellow color, but it can be easily 

 recognized by its general resemblance to the female in other 

 respects. 



The larva is one that the student should learn to recog- 

 nize in order that he may avoid handling it ; for it is armed 



