A B D 



ABE 



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Abdomfn, Chlrurr;ical Difaifei mulOpcral'imis of ihc. We do 

 not here propofc to treat at large of all the local diforders to 

 which the belly is liable, but only to cinimerate ihofe of more 

 frequent occurrence, and the operations necell'ary for their 

 removal. They may be divided into uiiernal and external. 

 The latter afFeCf the mufcles and common integuments 

 chiefly ; the former are principally feated among the abdo- 

 minal vifcera. Many diieaies, however, are common both 

 to the internal and external parts of the abdomen ; as In- 

 flammation, Suppuration, Ulcers, HAEMORRHAGES, 

 Tumors, and Wounds of various kinds, Sic. See each 

 of thefe articles in their rcfpeftive places. 



The abdomen and its contents are iubjeft to certain dif- 

 eafes, either of a peculiar nature, or requiring peculiar 

 treatment on account of their iituation. When the exter- 

 nal teguments, from being dilated or ruptured in any part, 

 permit the bowels to force their way through them, an 

 hernia is fonned, which mull be replaced in their natural 

 pofition. See Hernia. When an accumulation of 

 fluid happens within the belly, fo as to prove inconvenient or 

 dangerous, the operation of tapping, technically named 

 Paracentesis, is required for its evacuation. Sec 

 Dropsy. Sometimes the inteftinal canal is preternaturally 

 contrafted, forming a Stricture; or is diftended with 

 flatus, which conilitutes the Tympanites; or ia re- 

 flefted within itfelf, forming the difeafe called Intus- 

 susception. The liver often inflames and fuppurates, 

 or becomes indurated and fcirrhous. The womb is 

 liable to be ulcerated and cancerous, or may fuffer during 

 parturition. See Scirrhus and Cancer. The glands 

 of the mefentery will likewife inflame, fuppurate, and en- 

 large to a great degree. CoUcftions of pus may form upon 

 the mufcles of the loins ; calcuh within the kidneys, or the 

 urinary and gall bladder ; varicofe fwellings and aneurifms 

 in the blood-vefliels, &c. &c. See Psoas or Lumbar 

 Abscess, Lithotomy, Varicocele, and Aneurism. 

 Several chirurgical operations are alio peculiar to the abdo- 

 men and its contents ; for example, Gastroraphy, Gas- 

 TROTOMY, Lithotomy, and the C;esarean Section. 



All thele feveral diiorders and operations are particularly 

 explained in other parts of this work, under their appro- 

 priate denominations, to which we therefore refer our readers. 



A B D o M E N of //(/Jf^j-. See Insects. 



ABDOMINAL R'm^, m Anatomy., an aperture through 

 which the fpermatic vefTels pals in men, and the Hgamenta 

 rotunda uteri in women. It is formed by the tendinous 

 fibres of the vtujeuhis ohUrjiius externus abdominis, which are 

 feparated from each other near the os pubis. See Odli- 



ABDOMINALES, in \\k Linnaan Sv/iem of Ichthyology, 

 an order of fish, having the ventral fins placed behind the 

 peftoral in the abdomen, and the branchia oiliculaled, and 

 comprehending fixteen genera, and one hundred and ninety- 

 five fpecles. 



Al'DUCENS laliorum, in Anatomy, a name given bv 

 Spigelius to a mufele, which he alfo calls the fecundus ad 

 latera -irahens. This is the levator angtdi oris of Albinus, 

 and the eaninus elevator or levator labiorum communis of others. 



ABDUCENT, in Anatomy. See Abijuctor. 



ADDUCTION, in La'w. See Forcible Ahdi,aion, 

 Kidnapping, and Ravishment. 



Abduction, in Logic, a kind of argumentation, by the 

 Greeks called apagoge ; wherein the greater extreme is evi- 

 dently contained in the medium, but the medium not fo evi- 

 dently in the Icfler extreme as not to require fome farther 

 medium, or proof, to make it appear. 



It is called abdu^ion, from ab, from, and due. r.; to 



draw ; becaufe from the conclufion, it draws us on to prove 

 tiie propofition afl'umed. 



Thus, in the fyllogifm, " AH whom God abfolves arc 

 " free of lin ; but God abfolves all who are in Chrift : thcre- 

 " fore, all who are in C'hiill aie free of fin." The major is 

 evident ; but the minor, or allinnption, is not fo, witliout 

 iome other propofition to prove it ; as, " God received latif- 

 " faftion for fin by the fulferings of Jefus Chrift." 



Abquction, or Abruption, in i'ur^crv, denotes a kind 

 of tranfverfe fracture, in wliich the broken cxtiemitiea 

 of the bone recede from each other. Cain calls this fpcciti 

 of fracture xK!,?>J:dcv ; but Crlius Aiirelianus, by the woul 

 Abdu^iio, means a llrain or violent diiteidion of a mufele, 

 and ipeaks of it as a caufe of chronical pains. 



ABDUCTOR, or Abducent, compounded of n/'-, 

 from, and ducere, to draiv, in Anatomy, a name common to 

 feveral mufcles, whofe adlion is tlie withdrawing, opening, 

 or pulling back, the parts to which they arc fixed. Tlieir 

 anlagoniils are called Adductores. 



Abductor auricularis. See Abductor minimi digiti 

 manus. 



AnnucTOVL Auris, or Bicaudalis. See Retrahens 

 Auriculam. 



AsDUCTOR indieis manus, arifes from the os trapezium, 

 and from the fupcrior part and inner fide of the metacarpal 

 bone of the thumb, and is inferted by a (hort tendon into 

 the outer and back part of the firft bone of the forefinger. 

 Its ufe is to bring the forefinger towards the thumb. This is 

 the femi-interofleus of Winflow. Cowper calls it adduHor p:A- 

 licis ; and Douglas fays, that witlx,refpecl to the thumb, it 

 may be called adductor, and to the index abduflor. 



Abductor indieis pedis, arifes tendinous and fiefhy, by 

 two origins, from the root of the infide of the metatarfal 

 bone of the foretoe, from the outfide of the root of the me- 

 tatarfal bone of the great toe, and from the os cuneifoime 

 internum ; and is inferted tendinous into the infide ot the 

 root of the firil joint of the foretoe. Its ufe is to pull the 

 foretoe inwards from the refl; df the toes. 



AhtivcTO?. minimi digili manus, arifes flefhy from the os 

 pififorme, and from the part of the ligamentum carpi an- 

 nulare that is next to it ; and is inferted tendincjs into the 

 inner fide of the upper end of the firft bone of the little 

 finger. Its ufe is to draw this finger from the reft. This 

 is the hypothetiar minor of Winflow, the extenfor terlii inter- 

 nodii minimi digiti of Douglas, and the auricularis of otiiers. 



Abductor minimi digiti pedis, arifes tendinous and fltfliy 

 from the femicircular edge of a cavity in the inferior part 

 of the protuberance of the os calcis, and from the root of 

 the metatarfal bone of the httle toe ; and is inferted into the 

 root of the firll joint of the little toe externally. Its ufe is 

 to draw the little toe outwards from the reft. This is the 

 Parathetiar major and Metatarfcus ot Winflow. 



Abductor oculi, arifes from the bony partition between 

 the foramen opticum and lacerum ; and is inferted into the 

 globe of the eye oppofite to the outer canthus. Its ufe is 

 to move the globe outwards. It is alfo called Indigna- 

 torius. 



Abductor pollicis manus, arifes by a broad tendinous 

 and flefhy beginning, from the ligamentum carpi annulare, 

 and from the os trapezium ; and is inferted tendinous into 

 the outer part of the root of the firft bone of the thumb. 

 Its ufe is to draw the thumb from the fingers. Albinus 

 names the inner portion of this mufele, Abduc'or brevis alter, 

 and it is called Abduclor and Thenar Riolaui by Douglas. 



Abductor longus pollicis. SeelNTEROSSEUS Auricularis. 



Abdv cr OK pollicis pedis, arifes flefliy from the infide of 

 the root of the protlibtrauce of the os calcis, where it forms 



D 2 the 



