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ftop to the ufiial publicalioji of its colleftions. By an ediA 

 < f the emprcfs, the government of tlic acaJcmy was ncw- 

 modjUed ; and the acjJcmy rtfolved to begin a nc\v feries 

 of publications. From this sera the liilli.ry commences, 

 which is prefixed to Vol. I. of the Nova Acl.i, &(;. piibhihed 

 in 1 7M7. nie academy is compofed of 1 5 profeflurs, bcfides 

 a prefident and director. Each profedbr has a.houfe and 

 an annual ll'pcnd, from 200/. to Oco/. There are alfo four 

 adjunai, who arc penfioned, attend the fittings of the fo- 

 ciety, and fucceed to the firll vacancies. The ordinaiy af- 

 feinblies are held twice a week, and public or folemn ones 

 thrict in the year ; wherein an account is ^iveu of what has 

 been done in the private ones. The building, apparatus, 

 &c. of this academy, are extniordinaiy. They have a fine 

 Lbi-ar)-, confiding of 36,000 books and manufcripts ; an cx- 

 tenfive nuifeum ; an obfervatoiy, &c. Their motto is pau- 

 lalim, and their device, a tree bearing fruit not ripe. 



Academy of Sciences, called the Jiijlitttle of Bologna, tvas 

 founded by count Marfigli, in 1 7 12, for the cultivating of 

 phyfics, mathematics, anatomy, medicine, chemillry, and na- 

 tural hiltory. Its hiftory was written by M. de Limierr., 

 from memoirs furniflied by the founder himfelf, and pub- 

 li.hed at Amfterdam in 1723. The academy founded not 

 long before by Pope Clement XI. for architeiture and 

 painting, was incorporated with this ; and for its further 

 encouragement the city purchafed and appropriated to ;t3 

 vfe the palazzo Ccleli, that the library-, mufeum, obfervato- 

 Ty, fchools, and the apartments of the profefrors, might be 

 under the fame roof. On the entrance of tliis edifice is the 

 following infcription : Bonomcnfe Sc'ienUarum et ylftium In- 

 Jiitvlum, ltd publicum tolius orlis ufum. 



Academy, Imperial and Royal, of Sciences and Belles 

 Leitres, at Brujlls, was founded in 1773 ; and fcveial vo- 

 lumes of their memoirs have been publiflied. 



Academy, Roytil, rf Science-, st Stockholm, 6en\td its ori- 

 gin from fix perfons of diilinguidied learning, one of whom 

 was the celebrated Linna;us ; who, in 1739, formed a pri- 

 vate fociety for" reading difTertations on literary fubjedls. 

 As their number increakd, it attracted public notice ; and 

 the fociety <i'as incorporated by the king, in 1741, under the 

 title of the Royal Sivedyh Academy. Though it has no 

 penfion from the crown, its fund has been gradually aug- 

 mented to a large fum by legacies, and private donations. 

 The only perfons who receive falaries, are a profeffurof ex-, 

 perim.ental philofophy and two fecretaries. Each member 

 refident at Stocldiolm becomes prcfident by rotation, and 

 continues in office tliree months. The members, both na- 

 tive and foreign, are admitted without fees. The difTerta- 

 tions read at each meeting are written in the Swedifh lan- 

 guage, and are collefted and pubh'hed four times in the 

 year ; and the annual publications make a volume in 8vo. 

 The firft 40 volumes, which were iinilhed in 1779, are called 

 the Old TiT.nfa(ft!on6 ; for in the next year, the tide v/as chang- 

 ed into that of New Trnnfactions. Any perfon who fends a 

 treatifc, which is thought worthy of publication, receives the 

 tranfadlions for one quarter gratis, and a filver medal of the 

 value of three (hillings. All papers relating to agri- 

 culture ate publilhcd feparately, under the title of Oecono- 

 mlca Atl?. Ann^ial premiims in money and gold medals 

 are dhlribated by the academy, principally for the encou- 

 ragement of agriculture and inland trade. The meetings 

 of this academy are fometimes attended by the king. 



Academy, Royal, of Sciences, at Copenhagen, took its rife 

 from the occafional meetings of fix literati, whom Chriftian 

 VI. in 1742, employed in arranrring his cabinet of medals. 

 With thele perfons others gradually affociated ; and they 

 formed a ftciety, under the patronage of the count of Hol- 

 ftcin, whofc inuncdiate objetl was to make rei'earches into 



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the a«tiqiiities and liiflory of their covmti-V, and to eipli;« 

 them. In 1743, his Danifli majclly took the fociety undes 

 his protcdion, gave it its name, endowed it with a fund-, 

 and directed the members to extend their purfuits to natu- 

 ral hiltory, phylics, and mathematics. The academy lia? 

 puWilhed 15 volumes in the Danilh language ; fome of 

 which have been tranflated into Latin. 



Academy, Royxl, of Sciences, at I.ifbon, was foimded in 

 the year 1779, by tiie Duke de Lafoens, uncle to the 

 queen. The fovereign is the immediate patron, and tlia 

 founder is piefident. Twenty-four effective members, di- 

 vided into three claiFes, viz. natuial fciences, mathematics, 

 and national literature, form the main body of the fociety ; 

 and the refiduc is corapofcd of 36 free members ; a fmall 

 number of literaiy foreigners, and a larger one of great 

 perfonages of the nation, as honoraiy members ; fome vcte» 

 ran members and a confiderable proportion of extra con-ef* 

 pondents. Government allows them a revenue, by means 

 of which they have eilabliflied an obfervatory, a mufeumj 

 a library, and a printiag-office. The academy has hitherto 

 direfted its attention to the encouragement of many objefts, 

 which do not, in other countries, require the care of an acp.« 

 demy of fciences. The ift volume of its memoirs was pub- 

 liflied at Lilbon in 1797. The memoirs commence at 

 1780. 



Academy, of Arts and Sciences, American, wzi eftabliflied 

 in 1780, by tlie council and houfc of reprefentatives of the 

 province of Maffachufett's bay, for promoting and encois- 

 raging the knowledge of the antiquities of America, and of 

 the natiu-al hiftory of the countiy ; for determining the 

 ufes to which its various natural produftions might be ap- 

 phed ; for promoting and encouraging medicinal difcoveriesj 

 mathematical difquifitions, philofophical inquiries, and ex- 

 periments, aftronomical, meteorological, and geographical 

 obfcrvations, and improvements in agriculture, manulafture';, 

 and commerce ; and in (hort for cultivating every art and 

 fcience, which might tend to advance the intereft, honour, 

 dignity, and happinefs of a free, independent, and virtuous 

 people. The members of this academy are never to bft 

 more than 200, nor lefs than 40. 



Academy, Royal Irijli, fprung out of a fociety, eflab- 

 liflied at Dublin, about the year 17S2, and coniiiling of an 

 indefinite number of gentlemen, moft of whom belonged to 

 the uiiiverfity, who held weekly meetings, and alternately 

 read eiTays on vai"ious fubjefts. The members of this fo. 

 ciety, anxious to make their labours redound to the hc» 

 nour and advantage of their countr)^, formed a more cxten- 

 five plan, and admitting only fuch names as might add dig» 

 nity to their new inllitution, became the founders of the Royal 

 Irijb Academy, which profefles to unite the advancement of 

 fcience with the hiftory of mankind and polite literature. 

 The firft; volume of their tranfaftions for 1787 was pub- 

 liflied in 1788, and the publication has been occafionaliy 

 continued. We fnall here add, that a fociety was formed 

 in Dublin, fimilar to the Royal Society in London, as 

 early as the year 1633'; but the diftrailcd fliate of the 

 country was unpropitious to the cultivation of philofophy 

 and literature. The plan was refurned about the beginning 

 of the prefcnt centuiy, and the Earl of Pembroke, then 

 Lord Lieutenant, was prefident of a philofophical So- 

 ciety cftablifhed in Dublin Coilege. In the year 1740, there 

 was inftitutcd a Phyfico-l.iilorical Society ; of which two vo- 

 lumes of minutes are extant; but this fociety foon declined. 



Academy, of Sciences, at Manheim, was eftabliflied in 

 J7G3 by Charles Theodore, eleftor Palatine, according to 

 a plan of the learned Schopflin, and divided into two claffes, 

 viz. the Hiilorical and Phyfical. The latter clafs \V3S fub- 

 divided, in 1780, into the Pliyfical, properly fo calk-d, and 



Meteo- ' 



