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Mt-teorologlcnl. The papers of tlie academy linve heen 

 publilhcd in ll volumes 410., under the tiik of ylfia ylcadr- 

 vu<e ~T hcoihro.ralanns: . The Meteorological obfervatioiis, 

 from lylii to 1782, form 12 volumes 410. with the title of 

 ILphcmcriihs Soc'ulat'is Melem-ohr'tca Putatiiu. 



For a farther account of fimilar inftilutions, fee Sociftv. 



AcADi:My, is vlio iifed ainoiig us as a kind of coUcj^'ate 

 fc'iool or feminary; wiiere youth are inllruSted in the libe- 

 ral arts arid iclcuccs in a private way ; now indeed it is ufed 

 for all ki.ids of icluiojs. 



. There were two public academies in the Roman empire ; 

 one at Rome, founded by Adrian, in which all the fcicnccs 

 were taught ; and the other at Beiytus in Phanicia, which 

 was principally dellined for the education of youth in the 

 fcience of law* In confequcnce of the protcftion that was 

 given to the fcjences in the ijtli centui-y, academies were 

 erected- in various parts of Europe, peculiar privileges of fe- 

 vei-al kinds were granted to the youtklhatfreqi:ented them; 

 and thefe learned focieties acquired, at length, the form of 

 political bodies ; /. e. they were inverted with a certain ju- 

 rildiclion, and were governed by their own laws and ilatutes. 

 hi the public fchoois. or academics that were founded at 

 Padua, Modena, Naples, Capua, Thouloufe, Salamanca, 

 Lyons, and Calogn, the application of the youth was re- 

 ftricled to certain branches of learning, and thus the courfe 

 of academical education remained iinperftft. The academy 

 of Paris, which furpaffcd all the reil, both with refpcft. to 

 tiie number and abilities of its profefTors, and the mul- 

 titude of Undents by whom it was frequented, was the 

 JiHl learned focicty which extended the fphere of education, 

 comprehended all the fciences, and appointed' mailers for 

 every branch of education. Hence it was diftinguifhed, 

 before any other academy, with the title of University, 

 to denote its embracing the whole circle of fcience ; and in 

 procefs of time, other fchoois of learning were ambitious of 

 forming themfelves upon the fame model, and of being ho- 

 noured witli the fame title. In the l6tli century, academies 

 were founded by the Lutherans at Jena, Helmlladt, and 

 • Altorf ; and by the Calviniils at Franeker, Leyden, Geneva, 

 under Calvin and Beza, and many other places. 



Frederic I. king of Pruflia, cuabliflied an academy in 

 Berhii ill 1703, f-r the education of the young nobility of 

 the court, fuitable to their cxtraAion. The expence of 

 the fiadents was very moderate, the king having undertaken 

 to pay the extraordinaries. This illullrious fchool, which 

 was then called the Academy of Princcj, has now loll much, 

 of its firft iplendor. 



The Romans had a kind of military academies eftablilhed 

 in all the cities of Italj^, under the name of Cawjii liLrrtii^ 

 Here the youth were admitted to be trained for war at the 

 public expence. The Greeks, befide academies of this 

 kind, l:ad military profeffors called Tadid, who taught all 

 the higher offices of v/ar. Sec. &c. 



We have two royal academies of this kind ; one at 

 Portfmouth, for teaching navigarioii,. drawing, &c. which 

 tr.ay be (lyled a naval or maritime academy, foimded by 

 George I. in 1722, and under thedirecliou of the board of 

 admiralty, v/hich gives falaries to two raallers ; and another 

 at Woolwich, v.here youth are taught fortification, gunne- 

 ry, and fuch branches cf the math-aaatics as are neceflaiy 

 to qualify them for engineers. This was ellabliflicd by ■ 

 George 11. ill 1741, and is under the direction of die inaf- 

 t<r-general and board of ordnance. None arc now educat- 

 ed in. tills academy, but the gentlemeis-cadeta, to the number 

 of 90 or 100. The mailers are now 12 ; viz. a profeiTor 

 cf m.-\the:r.atic3, and two other mathen^atica! mailers, a pro- 

 feiTor of fortification and an aflillant, two drawing mafters, 



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a Ficneli mafter, with ir.afters for fir.eiiijj, dancirip, -End 

 chemil'ry. 1'liis iullitution is important, and admits of im- 

 provement. It has now the btnifit of the valuaLlc fcrvice* 

 ot Dr. Hutton and Mr. Uonnyeafllc, wliofe names arc well 

 known among men of fcience. The roy:d ucadvmy of ma- 

 rine at Brefl, in Fnnce, was ellablirtied in 1753. 



The noncor.fonniil minillcT.'!, &c. are bred up in private 

 academies, as not approving the common univerfity eduea- 

 tiuB. The principal of ilitir academics arc ihofe in Lon- 

 don, Manchellcr, Exeter, Wymondlty in Herts, Rotlicr- 

 am, Caniiarthen, and Wrexham. 



Academy Js llkewifc a name given to a riding fehuoi, 

 where young gentlemen are taught the great horfe, and 

 other fuitable exercifcs, as fencing. Sac. Sec MASfct. 



Academy is alfo ufed in fpeaking of the fchooU of the 

 Jews ; /. e. thofe femiiniries wlicrc tlie rabbins, or do<Aors, 

 inilruft tile youth of their uatitin in the Ilcbievi' tongue; 

 explain to them the Talmud ; teacli tlicnithc Cabbulj, 5:c. 



Soon after the dellruftion of Jernfalein, and the difperfton 

 of the JewSi they are faid to have ercdcd ncademlts at 

 Japhne, Lydda, Babylon, and Tiberias; which lall place 

 in paitlcular Ixcame famous for its learned men, luch us the 

 compilers of the MisiiNA, and the Masohites. Accord- 

 ing to Buxtorf, this academy fubfillcd in Jerora's time. See 

 Stephanusde Urb. vol. i. p. 4^^2. n. I, 



Of the Babylonian fchoois, tlie mofl famous, in later 

 times wei-e thofe which were eRabliP.ud in l]ic cities of So- 

 ra, Nahardea, and Pumbcditha. Saadiaa, a celebrated 

 grammarian, was reftor of the academy at Sora in 927. But 

 thefe academies were dcmolilhed by the Mahometan kings 

 of Perfia, about the year 1046. See Mafclef's Gi-am. Meb. 

 vol. ii. p. J4. 



Academy, or Academy /7^;/;-c, in Painting, is a draw- 

 ing, or DESIGN made after a model of a naked irun or wo- 

 man, taken after the life ; which i; ufually done on paper, 

 vi'ith red or black clialk, and foiuetimes with palVils err 



CRAYONS. 



ACADIE or Acadia, in Geography, a name foniurly 

 given to Nova Scotia, or A^cw Seothnt/,in America. The 

 name was firfl applied to a trail of country between the 

 40th and 46th dcgreei of latitude, grafted to De Moiis in 

 1(103, by Henry IV. of^Franee. 



AC.3iNA, ax<y-t">'-t in ylntiouliy, a Grecian deccmped, or 

 ten-foot rod, ufed in meafunng of their lands. Jleverin. 

 Syntag. de Ponderibus, &c. p. 177. RiccioL Geo. 1. ii. 

 c. 4. Salmaf. Ex. in Solin. p. 684. 



AC^NA, in Botany, a genus of the lelrandria monogytiia 

 clafs and order of plants ; the generic charadlei-s of which arc 

 thefe : the c;Jyx is a four-leaved perlanthium, with ovate, 

 coacave, equal, permanent leaflets ; there is no corolla, un- 

 lefs the calyx be confidered as fuch : the ftamina coiifill of 

 equal filaments, of middle length, oppofite to the calyx, and 

 the anthers are quadrangular, twin, and erecl ; tlie pillil- 

 lum has an obovate, hlfpid germ, a vci-y fmall inllcited 

 ilyle, and the iligma is a fmall thickifli, coloured membrane, 

 divided into manv fegments ; the perlcarpium is a diy, oho- 

 vate, lingle-celkd beriy, with fjiines that ai-c bent back- 

 wards ; and the feed is fingle. i'herc is only of.c fpecies, 

 which is a Mexican plant. Mllleris Diifl. by Mailyn. 



ACA.GUNA, in Geograply, a mountain on the coaft o{ 

 Peru, in the South Sea, about four leagues S. I', froni the 

 river Hilo, and as far N. W. from the nver Sama. It is a 

 good fea-mark ; but a llrong furge hes on tlie coaft, fo that 

 fnips (liould not keep too near, till they are furc of an entrance 

 into fomc port. 



ACAJOU, and Acijuba, in Botany. Sec Anach- 



DIUM. 



ACALAN. 



