A D E 



A D F 



invifiblc ftatf. In the heathen mythology, it comprehends 

 all thofe regions that lie beyond the river St) x, viz. Erebus, 

 Tartanis, and Elvlinm. See Hfll. 



Dr. Campbell ohferves, that the word aJu,-, a(les, occurs 

 eleven times in the New Tcllament, and is trandated helim all, 

 except one, where it is tranllated grave. He thinks, however, 

 that it ought never in fcripture to be rendered hell, at leail 

 in the fenfe applied to that word by Chrillians. In the Old 

 Teftament, the correfponding word is 71 :\f),JheoU which 

 fignities the ftate of the dead in general, without regard to 

 their charafter or to their condition, either of happinefs or 

 luifeiy. The Seventy, in their tranllation of the word, have 

 almoft invariably ufed a5>ij. See Gen. xxxvii. 35. ch. xlii. 

 38. Pf. xvi. 10. Ads ii. 27. Some biblical critics, however, 

 among whom we may reckon Father Simon, Bilhop Law, 

 and Dr. John Tavlor, have contended that the term, in the 

 Old Tcllament at leatl, means no more than TUp fepukhre 

 or grave. This opinion is examined by Dr. Campbell, and 

 he alleges, that, though our word grave may, in feme 

 cafes, fufficiently exprefs, not the import of the worA Jheol, 

 but the purport of the fentence ; yet, in other cafes, it gives 

 but a feeble, and fometimes an improper verfion of the ori- 

 ginal. He maintains, that with regard to the fituation of 

 hades, it feems always to have been conceived both by Jews 

 and Pagans, as in the lower parts of the earth, and correfpond- 

 ing in depth to the height of the vilihle heavens, both which 

 are on this account contrafted in facred writ. See Job, xi. 

 7, 8, 9. Pfal. cxxxix. 8. Amos ix. 2, 3. Befides, the 

 inhabitants of hades are, from their fubterranean abode, de- 

 nominated in the New Teilament, (Phil. ii. 10.) xa1a;^&onoi, 

 a word of the fame import with the plirale uVoxoIm tJi; yn:, 

 vnder the earth (Rev. v. 13.) which, with the En-oufavwt and 

 fn'iioi, celellial and ten-eftrial beings, include the whole ra- 

 tional creation. In proof of the coincidence of the Hebrew 

 and Pagan notions concerning the fituation of the Jnace of 

 departed fpirits, he refers to the lines of Virgil, iEn. viii. 

 V. 243. &c. 



Nonfecus, acji qua penllus vi terra deh'ifcens 

 Infernos referet Jedes, et regna recludnt 

 Pallida, diis invjfa ; fuperque hnmane barathrum 

 Cernatur, irepidentque imm'ijpj lutnine manes. 



Dr. Campbell farther obferses, that hler, the Hebrew word 

 for grave, is never rendered in the ancient tranflation a-jm,, 

 but TK?io?, /ivD^a, or fome equivalent term ; whereas^/^W is 

 never rendered r^tjo--, or /jlvbrk, but always adij--. This word is 

 alfo always Angular in meaning, as well as in foim ; but the 

 word for grave is often plural : and the former never admits 

 the poffeffive pronouns, being the receptacle of all the dead, 

 and therefore incapable of an appropriation to individuals ; 

 the latter often. In hades all the dead are reprefented as 

 prefent, without exception ; but the cafe is quite different 

 vith the graves or fepulchres. If. v. 14. ch. xiv. 9. See alfo 

 Job xxxviii. 1 7. in which the challenge to Job could have no 

 relation to a fepulchre, the door or entry to which is always 

 known to the living ; whereas the cafe was verj' different with 

 regard to the habitation of departed fpirits. Upon the whole, 

 Dr. Campbell concludes, that the word grave, or fepulchre, 

 never conveys the full impart of theHebrew^c-o/, or the Greek 

 hades. This author proceeds to examine the fenfe of a^ric, 

 hades, in the New Teftament ; and refers to Afts ii. 27. in 

 which the writer, in ufmg two expreffions, one regarding the 

 foul, the other the body, would undoubtedly adapt his lan- 

 guage to the received opinions concerning each ; and if this 

 ■be the cafe, hades was as truly, in their account, the foul's def- 

 tiny after death, as corruption vjas that of the body. Another 

 clear proof from the New Teftament, fays Dr. Campbellj that 



hades denotes the intermediate ftate of fouls between death 

 and the general refuneftion, occurs in Rev. xx. 14. where 

 the expreflion denotes that death, and the ftate of fouls in- 

 tervening between death and judgment, i. e. hades, fliall be 

 no more ; but that to the wicked thefe (hall be fucceeded by 

 a more terrible death ; /•(//, properly fo called. See alfo 

 ch. vi. 8. The apoftle Paul, it is iaid, without naming 

 hades, conveys the fame ideas of the ftate of fouls departed. 

 Rom. X. 6, (f. Hades is often ufed ligi\ratively to denote a 

 humble and miferable ftate ; and thus it isoppofed to heaven. 

 Matt. xi. 23. xvi. 18. Here it may be obferved, with 

 Grotius, (Truth of Chriftian Religion, p. 308. Clarke's 

 edit. ) and many others, that -nmXai i.'^w, the gates of hades, 

 are a very natural periphrafisfor death. So the expreflion is 

 ufed by the Seventy as a literal verlion of the Hebrew. If. 

 xxxviii. 10. See alfo Wifdom of Solomon xvi. 13. The 

 claflical ufe of this phrafe is the fame with that of the in- 

 fpired writers. Homer makes Achilles fay, as rendered by 

 our Engliih poet : 



Who can think one thing and another tell, 

 My foul detefts him as the gates of hell : 



£t^o> ocioxo wu^no"*. II. lib. li. 



/. e. I hate him as death, or mortally. 



To fay then, that the gates of death Jliall not prevail againft 

 the church, is, in other words, to fay, it ftiall never die, or be 

 extinft. The only paffage, fays Dr. Campbell, in holy writ, 

 which feems to countenance the opinion, that a^>i;, hades, 

 means the fame thing as yuna., gehenna, or a place of punifli- 

 ment, is in Luke xvi. 23. According to the explication given 

 of this paffage, the rich man and Lazarus were both in 

 hades, though in very different fituations ; the latter in the 

 manfion of the happy, and the former in thofe of the 

 wretched. When hades is reprefented as being under the 

 earth, and heaven, or the feat of the bleffed, as being above 

 the ftars, thefe expreffions fhould be regarded merely as at- 

 tempts to accommodate what is fpoken to vulgar appre- 

 henfion and language. See Campbell's Four Gofpels, tranf. 

 lated from the Greek. Prelim Diff. vol. i. p. 206. — 236 

 See Sleep oi the Soul. 



Ades, in Geography. See Rhades. 



ADESA, or Ad.^sa, a river of Lycia, in Afia Minor. 

 A town of this name is placed by M. d'Anville, on a fmall 

 river, which unites with a much larger, called Xanthus. 



ADESSE, or Adesta road, hes on the weft fide of 

 the ifland of Teneriffe, and fix leagues eaft from Gomera 

 ifland road, which is oppoftte. It is open to the fouth- 

 weft. 



ADESSENARII, formed of the verb adeje, to be pre- 

 fent, in Ecclefiajlical Hiflory, a name given to thofe who in 

 the 1 6th centuiy held that Jefus Chrift is really prefent ia 

 the euchai-ift, but in a manner different from that which is 

 maintained by the Romanifts. The adeffenarii, called alfo 

 impanatores, are divided into four different opinions con- 

 cerning this point. Some hold that the body of Jefus 

 Chrift is in the bread ; others, that it is about the bread ; 

 others, that it is with the bread : and laftly, others, that it 

 is under the bread. See Impanation. 



ADFECTED, or Affected Equation, \n Algebra, is 

 that in v.hich the unknown quantity is found in two or 

 more different degrees or powers : e.g. x^—px'Arqx^=-a''h, 

 which has 3 different powers of x, viz. .\^, x', and .v'. See 

 Equation. The term affeded is fometimes ufed in fpeak- 

 ing of quantities that have co-efficients. Thus, in 2 a, the 

 quantity a is faid to be affedled with the co-efficient 2 : and 

 an algebraic quantity is faid to be affefted with the fign-J- 

 or — , or with a radical fign, when thefe figns are prefixed 



t» 



