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p. 192. 210. Mr. Home Tooke, after noticing the con- 

 iiiliim tliat has pi-rplexcd gmniiiiarians with regard to the 

 clairilication of adverbs, and cxchiding them, as well as 

 PARTicuES, from the- rank of feparate parts of fpeech, 

 has with great iiigeiniity invelligated the origin of many of 

 the Englilh adverbs in the aneient Saxon and other northern 

 tongues, and evinced them to be cither corruptions of otlier 

 Words, or abridgments of fqntenccs. The termination "/)■" 

 is cafily difcovered in the corruption of " lite ;" t\\\xs honejlly 

 is honejl-lile, / He alfo refolves adrift into tlie pad participle 

 ailiifed, of adritan ; aghnjl, into the participle amazed ; ago, 

 into agone or gone ; a/under, into afimdrcd or feparated. 

 ^ wit, ho deduces from •tvillan to know ; as •videlicet and 

 fiiltcel in Latin are abbreviations of •vidcre-Ucet znAfcire-Hcet. 

 Needt is rcfolved by this very fagacious writer into need is ; 

 anon into in one : i. e. inllant; alone and only into all-one and one 

 Hie ; alive into on-live or in life ; awhile into the noun while 

 and the article a i. e. a while or a lime ; whiljl \. e. whiles, 

 into the Saxon Hwile-es, lime ihal ; alofl or on loft into on- 

 hfl, lyft in the Anglo-Saxon lignifying the air, fo that aloft 

 denotes up in the air. L,o ! is tlie imperative oi look, and 

 licf\% the adjeClive leof, dear, ^^''ith relpeft to the adverbs 

 of affirmation and negation, he obfers'es, that aye or yea 

 is the imperative of a verb of northern extraftion, viz. of the 

 Daiiifli ejer, fignif)-ing have, poJTifs, or enjoy ; yes is a contrac- 

 tion of ay-es q. d. have or pnjjefs that ; in Danifll, iger is to pof- 

 Icfs, aiidf/V?, denotes aye or yea. In Swedilh the fame verb is 

 rga and tlie imperativey^?, aye or yea. In German, ja figni- 

 hes aye or yea. lu Dutch, rigcnen is io pojfefs, andj^'a ii, yea. 

 As to the negative not, and its abbreviation no, they are de- 

 rived, by, Greenwood, from the Latin, by Minfhew from 

 the Hebrew, and by Junius from the Greek. But Mr. 

 Tooke difcovers them in the Danifh or Sweciilh nodig, and 

 in the Dutch nnode, node and no, which fignify a-verfe or un- 

 willing. The adverbs once, twice, thrice, fajs Mr. Tooke, 

 are merely the genitives of one, two, three, the fubftantive 

 time or turn being omitted; and were 'formerly written ones, 

 Iwies. 



An ingenious .writsr fuggefts that adverbs feem to be 

 principally produced from three fources ; firft, from a fpe- 

 cies of interjedion, denoting an impulfe of the mind, as 

 now, then, not, &c. ; fecondly, from a compofition of two 

 or three words into one, as always, altogether, &c. ; and 

 thirdly, from adjeftives, by adding a fyllable void of figni- 

 iieation itfclf, but which feems to denote that the word has 

 changed its ftate into that of an adverb, as greatly, &c. 

 This argumentive fyllable was originally a contraction of 

 fome word that denoted fimilltude or participation. Gre- 

 goiy's Effays, Hilloricaland Moral. EITEA IITtPOENTA. 

 or, Diveriicns of Purley, p. 494, &c. 

 \ In the Hebrev/ language, mod adverbs, and particularly 



thofe of quality, are exprelfed by nouns, both fubftantives 

 and adjeftives, either fimply or connefted with a prepo- 

 fition: as ^IJfl bene, -\'p^^ falfo, fl'^N'l -vere. Thus, 

 alfo in the Chaldee language, ^7313^ denotes dnpliciter, 

 and Ti'mi*? conf denier. In the Syriac, adverbs of quality 

 are formed of adjeclives, and terminate in p^i)^, asJI'f^'Uj; 

 Helraice ;' znA frequently of nouns v.'ith a prepofition ad- 

 jonied, as ^^^^ petfede, and fometimes adjeflives are fub- 

 llituted for adverbs, as -ilj-|» magis. In Hebrew the repetition 

 of one adverb, or another of the fame meaning, denotes 

 the fuperlative, as nbVSD T\bVf2 f"j"-" f"P>-a, i- e. valdi . 

 fupra, Deut. xxvni. 43: and n"in,!D "^p "'» vehciter. If. I 

 v. 26. This form of expreflion is ufcd diftributively, as 

 1p2^ 1p33 """""> mane, Exod. xvi. 21. Adverbs of 

 place repeated, fignify dlverfity of place, nDI HD hue £3" 

 tllnc, Exod. xii. 2. The adverbs \^ tunc and 0"TJ antc- 



1 



qnjm often cliange the future into the preterite, both perfeA 

 and imperfed : as Deut. iv. 41. E>:od. xii. 34. Adverbj 

 of time, that are definite, are ufed indefinitely: as "^I'jrt 

 heri,yeflcrdL'y, for pail time in general. 2 Sam. xv. 2. If. 

 XXX. 33. — DVn hodie, this day, for the prefent time : as 

 Pf. xcv. 7. '"inti '■'■'^•fj to-morrow, for future time, indeter- 

 minately : as Gen. xxx. 33. Hence Matt. vi. 34. The 

 adverb TOD f'^per is ufed for quotidie, quolies and fiepc. 

 Exod. vii. 20. xxviii. 30. Hence Travlol-, always, Luke xviii. 

 1. denotes very often. See John xviii. 20. The adverb ly, 

 fignifying donee, does not always exclude the time that foU 

 lows the aftion which is fpoken of. Pf. ex. i. cxxiii. 2. 

 If. xlvi. 4. &c. Hence, are derived the Hebraifms that 

 occur. Matt. i. 25. xxviii. 20. Afts, iii. 21. Rom. v. 13. 



1 Tim. iv. 13. Adverbs of negation prefixed to verbs are 

 ufed in the fame fenfe with the privative alpha of the Greeks: 

 ^s n2£i" ii'^ "on l^etabitur, i.e. dohhit. Prov. x. i. Hence, 

 John xiv. 18. Rom. iv. 19. Heb. xi. 16. Rev. xi. 12. 

 Adverbs of this kind prefixed to nouns have the fame mean- 

 ing, as Q3n N*'^ """ fip'^'i^t i- e- infipiens ; |y J^*^ non 



fortis, i. e. inftrniiis. Prov. xxx. 25. Hence Matt. ii. 6. 

 Rev. xi. 7. Abfolute adverbs are ufed comparatively, ai 

 Joel. ii. 13. Prov. viii. 10. Hof. vi. 6. I Sam. viii. 7. 

 Gen. xxxii. 28. Hence are derived the Hebraifms that 

 occur in Matt. X. 20. Mark ix. 36. Luke xiv. 12. Johr» 

 vi. 27. Ads V. 4. I Cor. i. 17. * Ephef. vi. 12. On the 

 other hand, comparatives are ufed for negative adverbs. 

 Hof. vi. ft. — Luke xviii. 14. i Pet. iii. 17. The adverbs 

 of negation {^^^ and V}^ joined to the nouns ^^ omnis, 

 \*}'i^ vir, "JHw^ ""'•'■'' '""'^ univerfal negatives, fo that noa 

 omnis is fynonymous with rwllus, &c. Pf. cxhii. 2. xlix. i8. 

 Prov. xiii. 7. Eccl. i. 9. Num. xxxi. 49. Gen. xiv. i. 



2 Sam. xiii. 30. Dan. xi. 37. Hence Matt. xxiv. 22. 

 Luke i. 37. Rom. iii. 20. Rev. ix. 4. The adverb of 

 interrogation J^ an, anfwers the purpofe of a negative iu 

 affirmative interrogations, and of an affirmative in thofe that 

 are negative. 2 Sam. vii. 5. I Chron. xxi. 17. This 

 interrogation ^ is fometimes omitted : as Gen. xxvii. 24. 

 Job. ii. to. The adverb of fimilitude ^ prefixed to a word 

 is fometimes doubled, and the one is fupplied by the con- 

 jundion T. Prov. x. 25. xvii. 3. If. liii. 7, compared with 

 Ads viii. 32. I ISam. xii. 15. Hence Matt. vi. 10. Mark 

 iii. 26. John xx. 21. Ads vii. 51. This adverb is very 

 frequently omitted, as Nab. iii. 12. Gen.xhx. 9. Pf. xii. 7. 

 Sec alfo Exod. xix. 4. I Sam. xiii. i. Pf. cxxv, 2. Jer. 

 xvii. n. Job xxiv. 19. Hence John v. 17. xiv. i. James i. 1 1. 

 It is a'fo fometimes redundant, as Pf. xhx. 13. Job xxx. 19. 

 Num. xi. I. Hof. iv. 4. Plence Matt. xiv. 5. John i. 14. 

 Rom. ix. 29. Adverbs are fometimes ufed for adjedives. 

 The biblical critic may find much more on this fubjed in 

 the learned Mafclef's Heb, Gram. vol. i. p. 352 — 365. 



ADVERBIAL, fomething relating to adverbs. We 

 fay an adverbial phrafe, adverbial cxpreffion, &c. 



Adverbial numbers are fometimes ufed to denote once, 

 twice, thrice, &c. 



ADVERSARIA, among the Jr.cients, was ufed for a 

 book of accounts, like our journal or day-book. 



Hence, adverfaria is fometimes alfo ufed among us for a 

 common place boot. 



Adverfaria amounts to the fame with ophijlographia, 

 L'ffopvMjuaTa, or memoriale, and ftands oppofed to codex : the 

 former being for occafional matters which were taken down 

 'laflily, from which they were afterwards tranferibed into 

 the latter, in a fair regular manner, for Handing ufe. Mor- 

 hof, Polyhift. lib. iii. cap. i. 



Adversaria is alfo a title given to divers books, con- 

 taining coUedtions of mifcellaneous obfervations, remarks, &c. 



In 



