A n V 



A D V 



In which fcnfc, advorfaria amounts to much the fame 

 with vuri.e hSioiics, vcirhc ohferviiticna, iomiiu'txtarii, kiliones 

 onl'iquit, loci communes, geniales dies, ve/pcrx, fekcia, vnfcd- 

 lanea, &c. 



Adversaria is alfo ufcd for a commentary on feme text 

 or writing. 



This was fo called, becaufe the notes were written on the 

 advi-rje or oppollte page. 



ADVERSARY, /omied of the Latin prepofition nd- 

 ivr/iis, <-yv;/>//, nnd -v-r/or, to l:ini. tiee Antagonist. 



ADVERSATIVE, in Gmmmar, a word or particle 

 that exprefTesnot only fome difference, but fome oppofition, . 

 bet\\-ecn what goes before and what follows. 



Adverfative disjunrtives are diilinguiflied from thofe that 

 are denominated fimple in this refpecl ; as the latter merely 

 di. join or exprefs a divtrfity, whereas the former disjoin with 

 a concomitant oppufition, e. g. The propoiition, " cit/j-r 

 it is dr.y, or it is tiight," is a iimple disjunctive; <.nd an ad- 

 verfative is wlien we fay, " ;V is not day, but it is night." 

 Befides, the adverfativcs are definite ; and the fiinple, inde- 

 finite. Thus, when we fay, " the luiinber nf three is vot an 

 even number, but an odd,'^ we nut only disjoin two oppofite 

 attributes, but we definitely afRrm one, and deny the other. 

 But when we fay, " the number of the JIars is either even or 

 odd," though we affert one attribute to be, and the other not 

 to be, yet the alternative is left indefinite. With refpeft to 

 ad-verfative disjunftives, it may be obferved, that, though 

 they imply oppofition, there can be no oppofition of the 

 fame attribute in the fame fubjeifl ; but the oppofition mufl 

 be cither of the fame attribute in different fubjei?ts, as 

 " Brutus ivns a patriot, nuT Cmfar ivas not •" or of different 

 attributes in the fame fubjeft, as, " Gorgias ivas a fopliijl, 

 BUT not a philofopher ;" or of different attributes in dif- 

 ferent fubjefts, as, " Plato mas a philofopher, but Hippiiis 

 •was a J'oph'i/l." The conjundfions ufed for all thefe pur- 

 pofes may be called alj'uhite adverfativcs : but befides thefe, 

 there are feveral others, recited by Mr. Harris, fuch as ad- 

 verfativcs of comparifon, expreffed by the words than and as, 

 which mark not only oppofition, but that equality or excefs, 

 which arifes among fubjefts from their being compared. 

 Such alfo are adverfativcs adequate and inadequate, of 

 which the principal are unless and although, e.g. 

 " Troy 'will be taken, unless the Palladium be prefcrvcd." 

 " Troy ivill be taken, although Hedor defend it" Every 

 caufe, (fays Mr. Harris) is either adequate, or inadequate, 

 when it endeavours witliout being cffeftual, and fo in like 

 manner is every preventive. Adequate preventives are ex- 

 preffed by fuch adverfativcs as unless : the inadequate are 

 cxprelfedby although. Hermes, p. 251 — 257. 



On this fubjeft, Mr. Home Tooke, in his Diverfions of 

 Purley, has enabled us to form more clear, determinate and 

 fatisfaftory ideas than thofe which were furniflied by former 

 grammarians. The oppofition in adverfative disjunftives, 

 that has been ufually refeiTed to the conjunftion but, is fup- 

 pofed to be marked by the words or fentences which are 

 thus connefted, and which have oppofite meanings. Ac- 

 cordingly the ingenious writer abovementioned affixes two 

 different acceptations to the word but in the beginning and 

 in the middle of a fentenee. In the former cafe it is a cor- 

 ruption of lot, the imperative of the Saxon verb botan, to' 

 loot, fuperadd, or fipply ; and in the latter it is a contraftion 

 of be-utan, the imperative of benoiitan, to be out. This dif- 

 tinftion is evinced by examples from ancient writers, one of 

 which it will be fuflicient to mention, taken from Gawin 

 Douglas. 



" But thy work (hall endure in laude and glorie, 

 But fpot or faulte condigne eterne memorie." 



The meaning of this couplet is " fuperadd (to fomclhinjf 

 faid, or fuppofed to be faid before) thy work fliall endure 

 in laude and glorie, be out, (i. e without) fpot or fault." 

 Thus, in the definite adverfative, " the number three is not an 

 even number but an odd, the oppofition is not marked, at 

 lead direClly, by the woid ^///, but by the adjectives civ r( 

 and odd, which denote altributes in their own nature oppo- 

 fite ; and the prepofition, according to the fiill fenfe of the 

 word /////, will be fynonymous witli this, vi/.. " the number 

 three is not i.n even number, fuperadd fit is J an odd number. 

 In the indefinite adverfative, " the number of the flars it 

 either even or odd, the word either is a dillributivc pronoun, 

 and or is a conlniClion of the Saxon oder q. d. other, i.e. 

 fomething different, and often contrary. As to the adver- 

 fativcs denominated by Mr. Harris adecjiiate and inadequate, 

 and marked by the conjundions unlef and althoti;-h. In. Icada 

 us to conceive that the whole difference between thim con- 

 fills in this, tliat tiie exprcffion of the one is more forcible 

 than that of the other. Whereas, the meaning of unleis 

 is direClly oppofite to that of although. They are both 

 verbs in the imperative mood : the former fignifying lake 

 atvay or dfmifs ; and the latter alloiv, permit, grant, yield, 

 afTent." Accordingly the fentenee, " Troy luill be talin 



unless the palladium be preferved," is equivalent to " Re- 



vtadium be prej 

 be preferved as an abltraCl noun, the prefervation of the 



move the palladium be preferved, i. e. taking the palladium 



palladium Troy will be taken. Again, " Troy tuill be taLn 

 although Hector dfnd it," is the fame as " Troy tuill be 

 taken allow HcSlor (to) defend it," The idea, therefore, 

 expreffed by unless is that of the removal of one thing to 

 make way for another; and the idea expreffed by al- 

 though is that of alloiving one thing to co-exifl with 

 another, with which it is apparently incompatible. The 

 conjunftion unless (fays Mr. Tooke) even in the reign 

 of queen Elizabeth was written onelefs or oneleffe, and more 

 anciently onles and otdeffc : and onlcs is the imperative of the 

 Anglo-Saxon verb oidefan, to dfmifs or remove, les the im- 

 perative of lefan, which is fynonymous with onlefin, is alfi) 

 ufed by fome old writers, inflead of unhfs. And this im- 

 perative les has given to our language the adjeftives hopelefs, 

 refllefs, &c, i. e. difmifs hope, reft, &c. The conjunction 

 although (fays the fame writer) is compounded of «/ or 

 all, and //'&', though, ihah, or, in the vulgar pronunciation, 

 thaf, ihauf, and thof. This is evidently the imperative thaf 

 or thajig of the verb thnfan or thafgan, to alloiv, permit, &c. 

 and thafig becomes tl.'ah, though, thoug in a tranfition of the 

 fame kind, and as eafy as that by which hafic becomes 

 hand-. This etymology is confirmed by confidering, that 

 anciently they often ufed all be, albeit, all had, all lucre, and 

 all give, inflead of although. 



ADVERSATOR, in Antiquity, a fei-vant fent to wait 

 his mafler's returning from fupper, and attend him home. 

 The rich had fervants of this quality, to apprife them of 

 any danger. Plautus, (Mort. iv. 424.), and Terence, 

 (Adclph. i. 12.) refer to fuch perfons. 



ADVERSE Leaf. See Leaf. 



ADVERTISEMENT, foi-med from adverlere, to con- 

 fidcr, in a general fenfe, an intelligence or information gireu 

 to perfons interefted in an affair. 



Advertisement is more particularly ufed for the brief 

 account of articles of private or public concern, inferted in 

 the daily, or otlier public papers. 



By the ftatute of 25 (]eo. II. cap. 36. and 28 Geo. II. 

 cap. 19. the penalty of 50/. is inflicted on perfons advcr- 

 tifing a reward with no quetlions to be afked, for the return 

 of things loil or flolen ; and likewife on the printer. 



By 21 Geo. III. c. 4^. any perfou advcrtiling any pub- 

 lic 



