A D V 



A D V 



Advitfr V is alfo ufed, by Ancient l^a'.ural^Jls, for the aft 



of iii^^rjitiiig one plant upon another. 



lii which fenfe, Plliiy fpcaks of the -.luultcrics of trees, 

 urhornDi aJultcriti, which he reprcfei.ts as coiilraiy to nature, 

 and a piece of hixur^s or needlefs refinement. 



Adultery is nlfo ufed by fome fanciful yl/lioiiin-.as and 

 Ajlrcht^cfi, for an cclipfe of the fun, or moon, happenij;;; 

 in an unufiial, and, as tliey fuppofe, in-egular manner : as in 

 the cafe cf horizontal eclipfes, where, tliough tlie fun and 

 moon be diametrically u])pofite, yet they appear as if above 

 the hori/.oti at the f imc time. 



ADUMBRATION, in Hcrahhy, denotes the niadow 

 of any beaft or cliarge, outlined, and painted of a darker 

 colour than the field. There is perhaps no inftance of this 

 bearing in any Englidi coat ; but it is often mentioned by 

 French and German authors. 



ADUMiVIIM, in Scriphire Geography, a town and moun- 

 tain in the tribe cf Benjami'i, which fome place fouth and 

 others north of Jericho. If, as fome fay, the road from 

 Jerufalem to Jericho pad'cd through this town, it ijiull 

 have been weft of Jericiio. Jofh. xv. 7. — xviii. 17. The 

 mountain of Adt/mmim, which Dr. Shaw afllgus to the tribe 

 of Judah, joins to flie mountain of Qiiarantania, and 

 through it, he fays, is cut the road that leads from Jeru- 

 falem to Jericho ; a difiicult pafs, the motmtmn of blood, or 

 the bloody road, as the name may import : where probably 

 it was, from the nature of the lituation, that the man fell 

 among thieves, mentioned in Luke x. 30. Sliaw's Trav. 

 vol. ii. 276. 



ADUNA, a river of Sufiana, mentioned by Pliny, torn. 



I- P- 334- 



ADUNICATI, a people of Gaul, in that part which 

 was called the Roman Province. 



ADVOCARIA, in Middle Age Writers, a tax paid 

 the lord for his protetlion ; fometimes alfo called falva- 

 mentum. 



ADVOCATE, Advocatus, compounded of ad, to, 

 and vocare, to call, q. d. / call to my aid or defence, among 

 the Romans, a perfon {killed in their law, and who under- 

 took the defence of caufes at the bar. The Roman advo- 

 cates anivvered to one part of the office of a barrifter among 

 us, viz. the pleading part ; for they never gave counfcl, that 

 being the bufinefs of the jarifonfidti. 



The Romans, in the firll ages of their (late, held the pro- 

 fcflion of an advocate in great honour ; and the feats of 

 their bar were crouded with fenators and confuls : they, 

 whofe voices coiTjiianded the people, thinking it an honour 

 to be employed in defending them. 



They were ilyled comites, honcrnti, clarijfmi, and even ^a- 

 ironi ; as if their clients were not lefs obliged to them, 

 than freed-men to their mailers. See Patron. 



The bar was not at that time venal. — Tliofe who afpired 

 to honours and offices, took this way of gaining an intereft 

 in the people, and always pleaded gratis. 



But no iooner were Inxaiy and corruption brought into 

 the commonwealth, than the bar became a Iharer in them. 

 — The-.i it was that the fenators let out their voices for pay, 

 and zeal and eloquence were fold to llie higheil bidder. — 

 To put a flop to this abufe, the tribune Cineius procured 

 a law to be pafTed, called from him Z,c.v Cincia, whereby 

 the advocates were forbid to take any money of tlieir clients. 

 — Fred. Bruner.is has publilhed an ample comment upon 

 this law. 



It had before this been prohibited the advocates to take 

 any prefent or gratuities for their pleading. — The emperor 

 Auguftus added a penalty to it, fubjetling thofe who 

 took jnoney to the forfeiture of four times the funi they 



received : notwithllanding which, the advocates played their 

 jjart fo well, that the emperor Claudiur. thought it an 

 cxtraordluar/ circumllance, when he obliged ll'.em not to 

 tike above as many iellerces as arc equivalent to eighty 

 pounds ileriing, or upwards, for pleading each caufe. 



On occafion of Suilius's receiving four hundred thoufand 

 fefterees, or about 7200/. from an illitllrious knight, ai.d 

 afterwariio betraying him, the /t-r Wnr.'.;, recivid by Auguf- 

 tus, which proiiibited advocates from receiving cillier money 

 or prefents from their clients, was enforced ; and Claudius, 

 it is faid, allowed advocates to take as mixh as ten thoufand 

 fefterces, or about fo/. ; but if thev took more tliev v/cie to 

 be profecuted for extortion. This regulation pulled into a 

 law. Nero, in his fnlt Ipccch to the Senate, declared his 

 pi'.rpofe of revifing and enforcing the ancient laws, by which 

 advocates were foibidden to receive fees. It was an 

 apophthegm of Tlirafea, who fulfcred death under this Em- 

 peror, A. D. 66, that advocates fhould undertake only the 

 caufes of their friends, of people in dillrels, and fuch a; 

 might tend to fct good examples and purify the moral?. 

 Pliny, Ep. vi. 29. Alexander Sevei-us gave llipeiids to the 

 advocates in the provinces, provided he was well alTured that 

 they pleaded without being feed bv their clients. But the in- 

 jundlion which difallowed advocates from receiving any thinp- 

 of their clients was found to be iinprctlicabie in its utmr/ll 

 rigour. Accordingly, Conftantine did not attempt to revive 

 it ; but he pronounces thofe advocates, who rAhged their 

 chents to make over to them by deeds the bell part of their 

 property in land, cattle, or flaves, or who proftituted their 

 talents in this odious traffic, unworthy to be admuttd into 

 the company of honell men, and he excluded them fiom tJie 

 bar. Cod. Theod. tit. 10. kg. I. 



Advocate is flill ufed in countries, and courts, where 

 the civil law obtains, for thofe who plead and defend the 

 caufes of clients trulled to them. 



In the Englifh courts, advocates are more generally called 



COUNSEL. 



In Scotland they have a college, or Faei/l/y of A'JvccaleSy 

 about 200 in number, appointed to plead in all caufes before 

 the Courts of Seflion, Jufticiary, and Extiiequer. They are 

 alfo intitled to plead in the Houfe of Peers, and other fupreme 

 courts in England. A candidate for the office of advocate un- 

 dergoes three fucceffivc trials ; the lirlt in Latin, upon the civil 

 law, and Greek and Roman antiquities ; the fecond in Englifli» 

 upon the municipal law of Scotland ; and in the third, lie 

 defends a I^atiu thefis, which is impugned by three members 

 of the faculty. Before he puts on the gown, he makes a 

 (hort fpeech in Latin to the lords, and then takes the oaths 

 to the government, and dejideli. From this refpedlablc body 

 all vacancies on the bench are generally fupplied. In 1660, 

 the fac'ilty fornded a libran- upon a very extcnfive plan, 

 fuggeilcd by Sir George M'Kenzie, advocate to king 

 Charles II., who enriched it with many valuable books. 

 The colleft'on has been gradually incrcaiing, and it now 

 confills of many valuable books on law and other fubjefts j 

 feveral original MSS. and a gi'eat variety of Jev,-iih, Grecian, 

 Roman, Scots, and Englifli coins and medals. 



By the articles of the U.ion, rone are to he named ordi. 

 nar)' lords of leffion, except thofe who have been rdvccates, 

 or principal ekrks of {J}'.on for five years, 5.e. 



In Fi-nnce, they had alfo two kinds of advocates, viz. 

 pleading advi cates, ar.'jcats l>laid.ints ; and counfel advocates, 

 avocals confultar:ts. This diilinftion was formed with a view 

 to the two brai.ehcs among the Romans, admic.tti, A-^Ajurif- 

 conjulii. — Vet there is this diilerenee, that the function of 

 the Jill ifcorfiiiti, who only gave tlieir advice, was of a differ- 

 ent kiid from that of the advocatii being a fort of private 



an<i. 



