JE S 



JE S A 



MIME Bone on tTie plains of Pcfoponnefus, or at lead that 

 thcv LivugLt this art to iHifcrtioii. 



^s corotmrium, is iifc\! by Pliny, (H. N. torn. ii. p. 

 6J9.) to denote hi-afs wroiig-lit into thin plntos, ajid which, 

 he lap, ftaincd with the pill of bulls, furnilhed a foit of 

 gold tor the crowns of players. This was called its i!uc- 

 till, in contradillinCtion to the rfr J'liJiL; or <tt caidaiiiim. 

 Th«y were both brought from Cyp. us. 



its Cybrium, was a kind of copper produced in the 

 jfland of Cyprus. This denomination was firll given to 

 co]>i)cr in general ; whence it was called cyprium, and at 

 Kiigtii aiftruin. The fuperion'ty of the Cyprian copper 

 gave occallon to this appellation. 



^ijiavum, yello'j) iapbtr. All the Roman authors have 

 mentiaiKd the method 01 making brass with calamine and 

 etippcr ; but their finell kind, which they called orkhakum, 

 or iiuri.-hjicum, they dillinguinied fronj the inferior forts, 

 which had only the name of xs flavum. 



JEs grave denoted money among the Romans, which was 

 paid by weight, and not by tale. In this fenfe it is ufcd by 

 Buddxus and Scaliger. 



But others by is grave underftand large pieces of copper 

 coined, containi'i^r, for inilance, an as, or pound of that me- 

 tal, fuch as we find current in Sweden. Thefe they affert bore 

 tlie title a?s grave, till the time in which they were reduced 

 to a fmaller llandard. — Gronovius, on the contrary-, main- 

 tains, that the as, or pound weight, did not acquire the 

 appellation, xs grave, till after their reduftion. Philof. 

 Tranf. N°. 19. 



Kuller rejefts all thefe opinions, and aflerts, that the ex- 

 prcfiion is ufcd to denote any kind of copper-raoney com- 

 pared with gold or filvcr ; which, with regard to the bulk 

 and fize of the pieces, was much lighter, though of greater 

 ralue. 



But this fyftem, however plaufible, is rejefted by feveral 

 learned men, particularly Perizonius, and Mr. XVard. 

 The former has a difTcrtation on the fubjett, wherein 

 the opinion of Gronovius is farther examined and de- 

 fended. 



jEs hepalicon was of a filveridi colour, and probably what 

 vlie moderns call bronze ; though fome confound it with 

 the its Cor'mthium. 



JEs patiperiim is a name given to copper ore, diveiled of its 

 filvcr, when it contains any. 



M% rude, that unfhapcd, or not falhioned for any parti- 

 «ular purpofe. — Some will have this to be the fame with es 

 grave. — The money, during the fiift ages of Rome, was all 

 uf this kind. 



Others, by xs rude, underftand metal undamped ; in op- 

 polition to asf<?^nalum, that ftampcd, or coined. 



.^s vjlum, called alfo<tj Veneris, — as crimalum, — crocus Ve- 

 neris, and cinis /cris, is a term which, like many others among 

 the old chemifts, has been applied to two or' three different 

 fubflances ; it is, therefore, ou tliis account defervedlyreitfted 

 from the reformed nomenclature. Kunkel (Labor. Chym. 

 p. iii. c. 35.) employs it as a general denomination for a 

 perfcft oxyd of copper prepared by heat ; the exprtlFion 

 is, however, more commonly employed to denote a pharma- 

 ceutical preparation once n-.uch in vogue as an efcharotic, 

 but now fallen into dlfufe. This ks uilura eflcntially con- 

 fills of copper and fulphur ; snd the different varieties ori- 

 ginate from the relative proportions of the ingredients, and 

 the different ftates of oxydation of the copper. It is ufu- 

 ally prepared by ilratifying in a crucible copper clippimrs 

 and powdered fuljjbur, and heating the crucible by degrees 

 till it ccafts to emit any vapours ; it muft then be raifed to a 

 dull red heat for an horn- ; there rcfults a brittle mafs which 



when pulverized and wa/hcd is the fubtlance In queflion, 

 Barchufen's method is dill more finiple, coiifilling merely in 

 heating a flip of copper to w'aitcnefs, and rubbing it with 

 a roll of brimftone ; as fooji as it is taken out of the fire, 

 the copper combines eagerly with the fulphur, and the com- 

 pound runs down in drops, and is recei\ed in a bafon of 

 water : this is then pulverised and waflied. In both thefe 

 cafes the compound is a fliglitly oxydated copper, f-iUirated 

 with fulphur; of an iron brown colour. In addition to 

 thefe proceffcs Lemcry goes on to heat the fulphurate-d 

 oxvd in a reverberatoi-y nine times fiicccfTively, quench- 

 ing it in linfeed oil ;ilter each roalUng. He thus obtains 

 a produifl of a high red colour, which in fact is a limplc 

 oxyd of copper, the fulphur being burnt out. Some 

 recommend a mixture of nilre or common fait with the ful- 

 phur, and the fubltance refulting from this, if not wallicd, 19 

 certainly a very powerful efcharotic on account of the ful- 

 phnrated alkali which is thus combined with the oxyd of 

 copper. As to the fal ammeniac and vinegar, in which fome ■ 

 previoufly lleep the copper, it is wholly ufelcfs, aU its effeft 

 being deilroved by the fubfequent heating. Diet. Method. 

 Art. .iEs ullum. — New Difpenfatory, 1765, p. ^(^8.^ 

 Beaumc's Chymic. Experiment, vol. ii. p. 651. — Gren's 

 Chemiftry, vol. ii.p. 269. 



jEs uftum is very dr)'ing and deterfive, and has been, on- 

 that account, mixed with plafters and unguents, for dicing 

 up fillulous ulcers, and imbibing acrimonious humours, or 

 fanies. It is alfo commended for diforders of the eyes ; 

 and joined with cardomoms and honey-water, it has been' 

 prefcribed internally to epileptics, with whom, according to 

 Diofcorides, it operates as an emetic, and according to- 

 Aretxus, as a laxative. See Gniehn's App. Med. vol. i,. 

 p. 344. It is hkewife ufed for colouring glafs. 



^s UKorium, in Anliquily, a fum paid, by bachelors, as a. 

 penalty for living ilngle to old age. 



This tax for not manying feems to have been firfl im— 

 pofed in the year of Rome 350, under the cenforfhip of M. 

 Furius Camillus, and M. Pofthumus. 



At the cenfiis, or review of the people, each perfon was- 

 alked, Et tu ex anima ftntcntia uxorem hahes lilcrutn quizren~ 

 dorum caufa ? He who had no wife, was hereupon fined after 

 a certain rate, called jes uxorium. 



iEs ; jlos .£ris, called by the Greeks, x"-^"-'^ av9oc 

 (fometimes confounded by moderns with chalcanthum), is- 

 prepared of copper melted, and removed into other fur- 

 naces, wlierein being expofed to a farther and greater heat, 

 and vehemently agitated by bellows, it depofits an infinite 

 number of fmall fcales, like millet grains, which being- 

 feparatea by lotion, make the flos a:ris. The cold water- 

 is poured on the copper, as it runs out of the furnace into- 

 the receiver. 



JEs ; fquama JKris properly denotes flakes of thaf 

 raetal ftnick off by the hammer, in the operations of the- 

 forge, &c. Thefe, from the Cyprian copper-works, art 

 called Hclilis. 



j^& ; per jEs £5' lilrnm vs^i'iifonniila in the Roman law, 

 whereby purchafes and iales were ratified. 



Originally the phrafe feems to have been only ufed ia- 

 fpeaking of things fold by \veight, or by the fcales ; but 

 it afterwardo was ufed on other occafions. Hence even in 

 ADOPTIONS, as tliere was a Idnd of imaginary purchafe, 

 the formula thereof exprelTed, that tlie perfon adopted 

 was bought per ass & libram. 



yESA, in jinclcnt Geography, a tov.-n of Thrace, near 

 Pallene. Steph. Byz. 



jESALON, in Ormtholigy, a fpecies of falcon, called 



in Er.glillj the merlin. /Ej'alan cwolimctijij, is the name 



3 giveK 



