M S C 



jrTven by CrirTon to tlie accifiUr nunor of CattfljT) and the 

 FALCO /pnrvi-rins of Liniianis, which has a ydlow cere, 

 brown head, red vertex and abdomen, and bhiifh wings. 

 The head of the female is cncompaded by fcvcii Uackifli 

 fpots. 



iESANTS, in /Inaent Gfcgrnphy, a town of Phrygia' 

 Major, according to Ptolemr. 



yESAPUS, a river of Myfia, in Afia Minor, according 

 to Strabo, which rofe fouth-weil of Sccpfis, and dif- 

 charged itlclf into the Propontis, weft of Cyzicus. 



jTiSAR, Strcl.no, a river of Etruria in Italy, which, fays 

 Strabo, (oined the Anius at Pifa, but its mouth is faid to 

 "be ten miles north of that of this rivtr. 



^SAR, \\\ AJylhol'igy, a deity of the Etnafcans. It is 

 faid that the letter C being obliterated in the word Caj'ar, 

 annexed to a ftatne of Augullus, the augurs deduced from 

 this accident on the part of the ftatuary, a forrowful pre- 

 fage. As C was a numeral letter, denoting lOO, they con- 

 cluded that he had not loo days to live : but as the word 

 iEfar was tlie name of a deity, they thence inferred that he 

 would be deified after his deatli. 



jESARONENSII, in Ancient Geography, a people of 

 the nortliern part of Sardinia. 



jESARUS, Efaro, a fmall river of Brutium, which 

 watered the town of Croton. Ovid (iNIct. 1. 15. V. 23.) 

 calls it jEfaris. 



jESCH, in Ichthyology, a name by which fome have 

 called the grayling, or tumbler, a fiih of the truttaccous 

 kind, called in Latin thymaUiis. 



jESCHINES, in Biogrciphf, an Athenian philofopher of 

 low extraftion, faid by fome to be the fon of Chaiinus, a 

 faufage-maker, and by others, the fon of I.yfanias. He dif- 

 covered an early dciue of knowledge, and, though opprcfled 

 by poverty, was affiduous and perfevering in the purfuit of 

 it. With this view he placed himfclf under the tuition of 

 Socrates, who was gratified by the refpeft which was paid 

 to him by this young and ftudious, though mean difciple. 

 Upon flrft offering himfelf to the notice of Socrates, he 

 told the philofopher that the only thing which it was in his 

 power to prefent him, in return for his kindnefs in giving 

 him inftruftion, was himfelf. Socrates replied, that he 

 Accepted and efteemed the prefent, and hoped to render it 

 inore valuable by culture. He adhered to his mafter with 

 unalterable fitlelity and conftancy, and enjoyed his particular 

 fricndfhip. Impelled by poverty, he determined to quit 

 Athens ; and after the example of Plato and others, to vifit 

 the court of Dionyiuis, the tyrant of Sicily, who was, 

 at this time, either through vanity or jealoufy, a general 

 patron of philofophers. Upon his arrival in Syracule, he 

 was flighted by Plato on account of his poverty ; but 

 Ariflippus introduced him to the prince, by whom he was 

 liberally rewarded for his Socratic Dialogues. Plutarch, 

 however, vindicates Plato from this charge, and fays that 

 when he was neglefted at Syracufe, the philofopher recom- 

 mended him to Dionyfius, and engaged for him the protec- 

 tion anel favour of the iovereign. See Plut. Commentarius 

 de Adulatoris et Amici difcriminatione apud Opcr. torn. ii. 

 p. 67. Ed. Xyland. jEfchines remained in_ Sicily till the 

 txpulfion of the tyrant, and then returned to Athens. 

 But fearing to become a rival of Plato or Ariftippus, who 

 were in high eftecm, by any public exhibition, he taught 

 philofophy in private, and maintained himfelf by the pecu- 

 niary recompence which he received ""or his inftruftions. 

 Afterwards, in order to gain a more ample fubfillence, he 

 appeared as a public orator. Laertius fays, that he wrote 

 judicial orations for the vindicrition of the innocent. Be- 

 fides orations and epillles, iEfchines wrote fevcn Socratic 



JE S C 



• Dialogues in the true fpirit of hi* mailer, on (entperance, 

 moderation, humanity, integrity, and other virtues : of 

 which only three are extant, i'/i. one concerning Virtue, 

 whetiier it can be taught ; a fecond concerning Riches, 

 whether they are good ; and a third, concerning Death, 

 whether it is to be feared ; a fragment of a fourth, on the 

 Duties of a State of Marriage, may be found in Cicero 

 de Inventione Rhetorica, Li. c. 31. They are pubhfhed by 

 I^e Clerc, with notes and fcveral dilTertations, in the 

 " Silvaj Philologies." Amftelod. 171 1. Eabricius ( Bib!. 

 Gra:c. tom. i. p. 829.) Suidas (in Aicr;i^nEi) and Lucian 

 (de Parafito. Op. toin. ii. p. 860. Ed. Reitv;ii.) have given 

 an account of them. Some have charged him with pur. 

 loining the works of Antillhenes, and with pubhlhing dia- 

 logues of Socrates, confided with him by Xantippe, as hie 

 own. This JEfchines, who is a different perfon from ^f-, 

 chines the orator, is faid by Diodorus Siculus (Hill. tom. ii. 

 p. 62. Ed. WelTeling.) to have flouriflied about the l05d 

 Olympiad. 



.^scHiNES, the 0/-<7/or,was the fon of Atrometus, a gram- 

 marian and fchoolmafter, and Glaucothea, who is faid to have 

 been a timbrel-player. See Lucian (in Somn. tom.i. p. 17.) 

 Pliiloftratus (de vit. Sophiil. ap. Oper. p. 506. Ed. Olearii.) 

 He was diiliiiguiflied, as Plutarch fays (X Oral. Vit. ap, 

 Oper. tom. ii. p. 8.p. ) neither by his birth nor riches. 

 In his youth, iEfchines being of a robuft conflitution, de- 

 voted himfelf to the exercifes of the gymnafium, and 

 having a clear voice, he performed a part in the exhibition 

 of tragedies. Some fay that he attended the leisures of 

 Ifocrates and Plato ; but according to others, he received 

 inftntd'tion from Alcidamas, the preceptor of Gorgias. 

 Plis progrefs, however, was confiderable, and he became 

 a competitor with Demofthenes ; and by his public condutl: 

 incurred his difpleafure. When the Athenians negociated 

 a peace with Philip of Macedon, JEfchines and Demof- 

 thenes were two of the ten ambafladors employed for this 

 puipofe. On this occafion, it is faid that .^fchines was 

 bi-ibed by Philip, and perfuaded the Athenians, in oppofi- 

 tion to the remonflrancefrof DemoHhencs, to confide in the 

 promifes of the fovereign of Macedon. Thus deluded, they^ 

 gave this prince an opportunity to poffefs himfelf of Ther- 

 mopylae, and to enter the tcrritor)' of Phocis. Philip^ 

 afpiring to be a generaliffimo of the Greeks, was anxious to 

 be appointed to this office by the council of the Amphyc- 

 tions. With this view, he contrived, by intrigue and cor- 

 ruption, to engage the fupport of jEfchines ; who, in a 

 ftudied oration, prevailed with the deputies of the Greek 

 cities, aflembled in the council of the Amphyftions, to 

 eleft him for their general, and to invert him with full 

 power to aft as he (liould think proper. By this artifice 

 Phihp got pofTefllon of Elataea, the chief city of Phocis, 

 and thus eftablifhed himfelf in a fituation the mofl favour- 

 able for the execution of his farther defigns. Demofthenes 

 exerted all his powers of eloquence to roufe the Athenians, 

 and to induce them to unite with the Thebans in difcon- 

 certing the machinations of Philip. His eloquence was 

 effeftual, and the two hoftile armies encamped near Che- 

 ronsa, a city of Bccotia. The wifdom and force of Philip 

 prevailed, and Demofthenes, being lefs a warrior tlian a 

 llatcfman, and being more capable of giving counfcl in his 

 harangues than of enforcing and fupporting it by intrepid 

 courage, threw down his arms, and fled with the otlier 

 difcomfited troop.;. The fliock which Athens received at 

 this time, the effeft of which it was never able to recover, 

 was afcribed to Demofthenes ; and jEfchines took the lead 

 in criminating his rival : and he, accordingly, drew up an 

 pccufation againlt Ctefiphon, or rather agaiufl. Donollhencs. 

 Rr 2 The 



