A F F 



impoitant fiibjf^ of chemical affinity, fee Adhesion, Cry- 

 ST.\Li.ii.»Tio'>-, Saturation, Solution. 



Did. Method, art. AfHiiitc. — Rtclicrches fur Ics lois 

 de I'Affiiiitt- pur Bortliollct. — Ammles de Chymie, vols, 

 xiii. xiv. xvii. xxv. — Bergman, on ILlcAive Attrac\io;i. — 



Kirvvaa on Min. AVaters Fourcroy Syllcme des coiinais. 



Chiniiiju«, vol. i. — Pcarfon on ElcClive Attradion. — Kir- 

 wan on the llrcugth of -\cids, and the compofition of Neu- 

 tral ^3.\U. 



AFFION, is a name given by the Arabians to opium ; 

 and alfo to an tlrctary, in which opium is an ingredient. 



AFI'IRMATION, qffirwalio, m Lo};l; a pofuive pro- 

 pofition, alledging the truth or reality of fomcthing. 



Affii-mation is delined, by the Lot^.ciant, an ad whereby 

 we attribute one idea to another ; as fuppoling it to be- 

 long, or agree to it. — As when, conceiving perfection to 

 agree to the Deity, we fay, (!od it ptrftil. 



This, on other occalions, is called "Enunciation, pro- 

 position, coMCOsiTioN, and judging. 



Affirmation, in Law, fignifies the ratifying or cou- 

 linning a former law, or judgment. 



We fay, to affirm a judgment : the houfe of lords, on an 

 appeal, aJUrmed the decree of the Lord Chancellor, or of 

 the lords of fefllon in Scotland. 



Affinnance is ufcd in the fame fenfe. 8 Hen. vi. c. 12. 



Affirmation is alfo ufed in Grammar, by fonie re- 

 finers upon that ait, for what is ufually called a verb ; 

 bccaufe the office of that part of fpeech is to exprefs what 

 we afiliTn or attribute to any fubjeft. 



Affirmation is alfo ufcd for a folemn forir of attefting 

 the truth, allowed to be ufed by the Quakers, inllead of 

 an oath, which they hold ablolutely unlawful to take. 

 See the form of the affirmation, &c. under the article 

 Quaker. 



Affirmation is of divers kinds, tacit, by words, by a 

 nod, or gcfture, &c. 



In a civil law fenfe, affirmation may be divided into_^w- 

 plc, which is that from which no obligation arifes ; and 'qua- 

 Kfied, which infers an obligation. 



The rcquifites of this latter are, that it be, I. deliberate 

 and free ; 2. fmcere ; 3. certain and fpecific ; 4. clear and 

 pcrfpicuous. 



AFFIRMATIVE, in Logk. See Affirmation. 



There are univerfal ajjirmath'e propofitions ; and fuch> 

 ufually, are the lirfl of syllogisms. 



In Algebra we have alfo ajirmalh<e or pofitive Ql' anti- 

 ties, which have their appropriated characters. The 

 term affirmal'n^e was introduced by Vieta. 



AffirmativeT!^/), or charafter. See Character. 



Affirmative, in Grammar. Authors dillinguifli affir- 

 mative particles ; fuch is, yes. 



The tcnn af&rmative is fometimes alfo ufed fulflanlively. 

 Thus we fay, the affirmative is the more probable fide of 

 the qucilion : th*re were fo many votes, or voices, for the 

 affirmative. 



Affirmative is particularly applied, in the Roman in- 

 Qi'isiTiON, to fuch heretics as own the errors and opinions 

 w.th which they are charged ; and maintain ttiem in their 

 cMamination with fimmefs and refolution. 



AFFIX, affixus, compounded of ad and^fo, I _fi.\; in 

 Grammar, a particle added at the clofe of a word» either 

 to diverfify ita form, or altir its fignification. In which 

 fenfe, affix is the fame with fiiffix ; though affi-K is fome- 

 times, but I'efs properly, apphed more generally fo as to in- 

 ihde prefix particles. 



We meet with affixes in the Saxon, the German, and 



i 



A F F 



other northci-n lanj^uages ; but more efpecially in the He- 

 brew and other oriental tongues. 



The Hebrew affixes are finglc fyllables, frequently fingic 

 letters, fubjoined to nouns and verbs ; and contribute not 

 a little to the brevity of that language. I'he affixes of 

 nouns may be called [>ofliifi.x-e ajjixa, as they denote the pof- 

 feffive pronouns ; and thofe of \erbi, verbal affixes. In fe- 

 minine noun^, ending in n> '''^^ H is changed into p, before 

 the nllixes, and » i,, inferted after the plural feminine tenni- 

 luilion j~|1, probably for fofteniiig the found ; e. g. 



TCWPii "'y ^ ''"'"> :""i TPri1"lin' "'"' /"«'■'• The Q of 

 the plural mafculinc tciiniiiatiun is expelled by the affixes, 

 and when », ;/;v, is affixed to the plural, atter [^^ is expelled, 

 the ' of the plural eoaleiccs with the affix ; and they are 

 diiliiiguilh.able imly by the fenfe, or by other words in the 

 tcntence ; r. g. >T3Q> "'S books, "IJ'liQ, our bookf. 

 Plural affixes are not unfivquently fulijoined to fmg-ular 

 nouns, and vire verfii ; e.g. T"1)3"1 (i Kings viii. 26) 

 for T13"T llyy word; and Dril^K (Fxod. iv. 5) for 

 Dn'n HJC' their fathers. As the poffeffive pronouns are 

 fubjuiiud to nouns, the perfonal pronoims are fubjoined ta 

 verbs in the fame manner. In this cafe the n of the third 

 perfon fingular feminine is changed into J^, and the J^ of the 

 fecond perfon lingular feminine affumes ♦, before the af- 

 fixes ; e.g. THn^nj^' (l Sam. xviii. 28) he loieJ him,. 

 for innn.lwS* and T-'nnjI (Ezek. xvi. 19). for 

 Tnnnj V '""^ i!-"" S"'^^ifl ^•'"■'' I" the fecond perfon plu- 

 ral, mafculinc and feminine of Kal, the J^ and | final are 

 ejeclcd, and their place is fupplied by '\, inferted before 



the affixes; e.g. "irnn"\.D.!2. '"'•T::rnD-j and unnoa. 



ye delivered him. Sometimes the T is wanting, and thus 

 this perfon is not eafily dilHnguifhed from the third, fecond 

 and firil perfon fingular ; as '^HOV (Zech. vii. 5'). for 

 'Jin'Oi' ^''^ ye J'l/^ ''"'" ""■ ■'' Affixes are fometimes fub- 

 joined to the infinitives, of paffive verbs, in which cafe thefe 

 infinitives affiime the rank of fubdantive nouns ; as, 

 Cr{^"|]3n CDV^ (Gen. V. 2). In the day "when they •were 

 created, or of their creation. When affixes are thus joined 

 to infinitives, they may be taken either aftively or paffively, 

 or exprefled by the nominative or accufative cafe, according' 

 to the fenfe of the pafi'age ; e. g. Tlp*2 DV^' ^^J ^^ 

 underftood to fignify either. In the day in winch be himfelf 

 delivtred, iyr in which he delivered him. Some adverbs, and 

 all prepofitions affi.ime affixes ; but as the affixes of verbs 

 arc generally rendered by the accufative, and thofe of nouns 

 by the genitive, the affixes of adverbs are expreffi;d by the 

 nominative, and thofe of prepofitions by the cai'e which- 

 the prepofition governs. Wilfon's Elements of Heb. Gram. 

 p. 108. 174. Mafclef, Heb. Gr. vol. i. p. 65, 17 1, 189. 



The oriental languages are much the fame as to the ra- 

 dicals ; and differ chiefly from each oiher as to ciffixes- 

 and PREFIXES. Mem. Acad. Infcrip. torn. ix. p. 334. 



AFFLATUS, formed from ad and _ffare, to How, li- 

 terally denotes a blall c.f wind, breath, or vapour, flriking 

 with force again (I another body. 



Naturalirts fometimes fpeak of the afflatus of ferpents. 



TuUy ufes the word ^i^«r^;//Vf/v, for a divine inspira- 

 tion. In which fenfe, be afcribes all great and eminent 

 accomphlhments to a divine ajjlatus. See Pytmia. 



AFFLENK, m Geography, a town of Stiria, in Ger- 

 many ; two leagues north of Pruck., 



AFFLICTION is not itfelf, in propriety of medical 

 fpeeuh, a diieafe, but it produces nnny , for whatever ex-. 

 cites envy, anger, or hatred, produces difeafes from tenfe 

 libres ; as whatever excites fear, grief, joy, or delight, be-, 

 gets difeafes from relaxation.. 



Many 



