A F F 



Many chronical difeafe?, particularly the p'.'thifia, fprinp 

 from aiHiClion. I'or a vciy rcmaikaWc h :' >!y of the cfFtiil 

 of affliclion, fee Hift. dc 1' Acad. Roy. des Scicnc. ^n. 1732. 



AFFLUX, in F.lci^lridty, is oppdftd to efflus ; and 

 both terms were uleU by the Ahbe Noikt, and alfo by Dr. 

 ^Vatfo^, pre\ioi:ny to the difeovciy of politive and nega- 

 tive cletlrics. They apprehended, that in all ekrtrieal 

 operations, there was both an afflux of cleifkrical matter 

 to the g-lnbe and the conduftor, and likewife an efHiix of 

 the fame matter from them. Dr. \Vatfon foon coiTcftcd 

 this miilaken opinion ; but the Abbe Nollet was more te- 

 nacious ; and he was confirmed in his attachment to this 

 favourite theoiT by obferving, that bodies not infulated, 

 plunged in eleiftric atmofpheres, hieued figiis of eleftri- 

 city ; not perceiving, that the electricity of fuch bodies 

 was in its nature and efferts -difTrrent from, and diretlly 

 oppofitc to tiiat of the cleelrified body, in the atmolphere 

 of which they were involved. See Electricity. 



AFFORAGE, in the French Cujioms, a duty paid to 

 the lord of a diibicl, for permiiTion to fell wine, or other 

 liquors within his feignory. 



AfFoi-age is alio ufed for the rate or price of provifions 

 laid and fixed by the provoit, or fherifFs, of Paris. 



AFFORARE, to affear, in Laiu., is to fet a value on 

 any thing : and njfuratus denotes appraifed or valued, as 

 things vendible in a fair or market. l)u-Cange. See Ar- 



FEERORS. 



AFFORCEMENT, afforclamentim, derived from the 

 bajbarous Eatin offorc'mre, to Jlrcnphen, confirm, in fome 

 ancient charters, denotes a fortress, or work of FORTt- 



FICATION and DEFENCE. 



AFFORESTING, afforcflatlo, the turaing gi-ound into 

 FOREST. In this fenfe, the word ftands oppofite to deaf- 

 forestinc. 



The Conqueror, and his fucceffors, continued afforefting 

 the lands of the fubjeft for many reigns ; till the griev- 

 ance became fo notorious, that the people of all degrees 

 ar.d denominations were brought to iue for relief ; which 

 was at length obtained, and commifPions were granted io 

 furvey and peranibulate the foreft, and feparate all the new 

 afforefted lands, and re-convert them to the ufes of their 

 proprietors, under the name and quality of purlieu, op 

 pouralle land. 



AFFRANCHISEMENT. See Manumission. 



AFFRAY, in Lanv, is derived from the French word 

 (Jfrnyci; to n fright, and it formerly meant no more ; as 

 where perfons appeared with armour or weapons, not ufually 

 worn, to the terror of others. Stat. 2 Edw. III. cap. 3. 

 But it now implies a Ikinnifli or fighting between two or 

 more, in fome public place, to the terror of his majefty's 

 fubjefts ; and there mull be a flroke given or offered, or a 

 weapon drawn, otherwife it is not an affray ; but if the 

 fighting be in private it is no affray, but an atTault. 3 Inlh 

 158. It is inquirable in the court leet, and punifhable by 

 juftices of peace in their fefhons, by fine and iniprifonment ;■ 

 and it differs from assault, in that it is a wrong to the 

 public ; whereas alTault is of a private nature. Lamb. lib. 

 ii. Affrays may be fuppreffed by any private perfon pre- 

 fent, who is juilifiable in endeavouring to part the comba- 

 tants, whatever confequenees may enfiie. But a conltable, 

 or other fimilar officer, may break open doors to fupprtfs 

 an affray, or apprehend the pJlrayers ; and he may either 

 take them before a juftice, or impnion them by his own 

 authority, for a convenient time, till the heat is over ; and 

 niay then, perhaps, alfo make them find fureties for the 

 peace. 3 Inft. 158. i Hawkins P. c. 154, 136, 138. The 

 offence of affray admits of feveral degrees of aggravation. 



A F G 



This is the cafe when two perfons deliberately engage in a 

 DUEL, though no mifchief has actually cnfued. Another 

 a^^gravation is, when the officers of jullice arc dillurbcd by 

 an i'.ffray, in the due e>;ecution of tlieir office, or where it 

 oocurs in the king's court and fuch places. All affrays in 

 a church or church-yard are deemed heinous oflenees ; and 

 therefore it is enartcd, by Stat. 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 4. that if 

 auv perfon fhall, by word; only, (piarrel, chide or brawl, in 

 a church or churcli-yard, the ordinary fludl fufpend lilni, it 

 a layman, ah ingrcjfu i,:ch-Jiir ; and, if a ckrk in orders, frorn^ 

 the miniftration of his oflice, during plealure. Ar.d, if 

 any perfon in fuch church or chnrch-y;u-d pi-oceeds to finite 

 or lay violent hands upon another, he Ihall be excommuni- 

 cated, Ip/o fiu-lo ; or if he flrikes him with a weapon, or 

 draws any weapon with intent to ttrike, he fliall, beiidi'S 

 excommunication, (being convic\ed by a Juit) have one of 

 his ears cut off; or, having no cars, be branded with the 

 letter Fin his cheek. Blackll. Cc.m. vol. iv. p. 146. 



AFFREIGHTMENT.orArFRKTAMEST, Afitreta- 

 mentum, in I.aii', fignifies the frfiomt of a (hip. 



The word is formed from the French fret, wliicli es-- 

 preffes the fame thing. 



AFFRONTE\ French, compounded o^ ml, to, and//on.', 

 forehe.'.il, in Herald'-y, is underllood of animals borne in an 

 ESCUTCHEON as facing, or with their heads turned towards 

 each other. This is otherwife called cmfrontl- ; and (lands 

 oppofed to adojfe. When a lavage's head is full-faced, it is 

 faid to be nff'rriiite. The word often occurs in the fame fenfe 

 with gnrJtirit. 



AFFUERA, in Geography, one of the iflands of Juan 

 Fernaudes, on the South-fea coaft, in the kingdom of Chili. 

 Its longitude, from the meridian of Callao, is 30* 20', and 

 it is about 400 leagues to the north of Cape Horn. This 

 coaft fwarms with lea lions and wolves. 



AFFUIAGE, ajfiiiagium, derived from nffuer, q. d. ajfo- 

 care, to make a Jire, of aj and focus, in jlncient Ciifloms-, a' 

 right of cutting fuel -wood in a fbreil, or the hke, for main- 

 t-aining family-fire. Dii-Cange. 



AFFUSION, the aft of pouring fome fluid fubftance 

 on another body. Dr. Grew gives feveral experiments of" 

 the hiftation arifing from the affufion of divers nienllruums 

 on all forts of bodies. Divines and church hillorians fpeak 

 of BAPTISM by iiffiifion ; which amounts to much the fam< 

 with what we now call Iprinkling. 



AFGHANS, in Geography und Hif.ory, comprehend 

 generally the feveral tribes of Mahometans, who inhabit the . 

 northern paits of India ; fome of whom are fpread over the 

 whole of India, andknown by the name of P,t::ans : they 

 are efteemed the bed foldiers in the country. In a more 

 reflrifted' fenfe, they are the indigenous poffedurs of a traft 

 of country, which itretches from the mountains of Tartary 

 to certain parts of the gulf of Cambay and Perfia, and from 

 the Indus to the confines of Perfia ; and their principal 

 fettlcmeuts have been the mountainous diflrifts bordering on 

 Kandahar, Cabul, Gazna, Peihav.'eer or Peifhor, and Ha- 

 7aret, &c. The Afghans- are reprefented as a ru<le unlet- 

 tered people, without a written characler, fays Mr. Forfter 

 (Journey from Bengal to I'^ngland, through the northern 

 parts of India, &c.), and fpcaklng a language, called 

 Pufhto, peculiar to thcmielves. They are a robufl hardy 

 race of men, and being generally addirled to a Hate of pn- 

 datory warfare, their manners l.irgiiy piutake of a bar- 

 barous infolence, and they avow a lixed contempt for the 

 occupations of civil life. The tcnitory which they, chiefly 

 inhabit is denominated by Mr. ForlUr /Ifganiftan, and he 

 obferves that, though the natives are dcno.'iiinattd Tartar*, 

 in fome hiftories of Afia, they bear no refcuiblancc to thofe 



people. 



