A I D 



attend the general officers, and receive and carry thc'r orders, 

 as occafion requires. 



When the king is in the field, he ufually appoints young 

 volunteers of quality to carry his orders, who are called the 

 king's aids de camp. 



Am miijjr, or atljutant, is an officer whofe bufinefs is to 

 eafe the major of part of his duty ; and to perform it all 

 in his abfence. 



Some majors have fcveral aid majors. — Each troop of 

 guards has but one major, who Iins two aid majors under 

 him, or more, according as the bufinefs requires. 



Every regiment of foot has as many aid majors as it con- 

 tains battalions. — When the battalion is drawn up, the aid 

 major's pod is on the left, beyond all the captains, and be- 

 hind the lieutenant-colonel. 



Am, AuTiLiUM, mont j4ndetit Cujloms, denotes a fub- 

 fidy or fum ai money due to the lord, from his tenants, on 

 certain occafions. 



It dllTered from a tax, which is impofed at any time 

 when wanted ; whereas the a'lii could only be levied where 

 it was cuilomary, and where the particular occafion fell 

 out. 



Such was the aid de relu-f, due from the tenants in fee, 

 upon the death of the lord mcfn, to liis heir, towards tlie 

 charge of a relief of the fee, of the fuperior lord. This 

 was abolidied by king John's magna charta. 



Such alfo was the aid chfvel, or cap'tlaliild, due by valTals, 

 to the chief lord, or the king, of whom they held in capite. 

 Of this there are three kinds. 



The firft, of chivalry ; or, as they call it, par faire jit% 

 chevalier, toward making his eldeft fon a knight, when ar- 

 rived at the age of tifteen years ; the fecond of marriage, 

 or par filk marier, towards marrying his eldelt daughter. — 

 Both thefe, with all charges incident thereto, are taken away 

 by flat. 12 Car. II. See Tenure, Service, &c. — Some 

 will have them to have been firft ellabllflied in England by 

 William the Conqueror, mid afterwards transferred to Nor- 

 mandy : but the more common opinion is, that the Con- 

 queror brought them with him The third was of a R A N so M , 



due when the lord was taken prifoner by the enemy. 



It appears from Bra-fton (lib. ii. c. i6. ^. 8) that, in the 

 time of Heni-y III. thefe aids, which were allowed by the 

 charter of king John, were fuppofed to be paid by the 

 vaflals, rather as tokens of good will and affedtion to their 

 lords, than as proper concomitants df the fervice they owed. 

 Glanville, on the contrary, confidered them as due by their 

 tenures. But, both by that author, and in the charter, it 

 is faid, that they ought to be taken in reafonable proportions. 

 Glanville queftions, whether the feudal lord could demand 

 an aid of his tenants for the fupport of his war ? And replies 

 by faying, that he could not diitrain for fuch aid ; but they 

 might give it, as a benevolence, and out of affeftion to their 

 lard ; whereas he confiders the aid of relief, as a due, for 

 which the lord, in virtue of his fief, had a legal right to 

 diftrain. Lyttelton's Hiil. Henry II. vol. iii. p. 108. Svo.. 

 In fome provinces there was a f.*urth kind of aid ; due 

 whenever the lord (hould undertake an expedition to the 

 Holy Land. 



We alfo read of aids paid the lord, when he wasdifpofed 

 to purchafe any new land, or tenement. Thefe were only 



granted once in his life Alfo aids for the repairing and 



fortifying of caftles, feats. Sec. and alfo aids to pay the 

 lord's debts. To prevent this abufe, king John's magna 

 charta ordained, that no aids be taken by the king without 

 confent of parliament, nor in any wife by inferior lords, 

 except only the three ancient ones above-mentioned, I'/'s. 

 for making the lord'a eldeil fon a knight, for marrying his 



A I D 



eldeft daiiglitcr, and for ranfoming the lord's pcrfon, if taken 

 prifoner. But this provilion was omitted in Henry Ill's 

 ciiarter ; and tlie fame oppreffions were continued till tlie 

 25 Edw. I. when the llatute called confuniatio charlarum 

 was cnacled ; wiiieh in this refpecl revived king Jolin's 

 charter, by ordaining that none but the aneieiil aids fliould 

 be taken. But though the fpeeies of aids was thus re- 

 ilrained, yet tiie quantity of eaeli aid remained aibltrary and 

 uncertain. King John's charter, indeed, ordered that all aids 

 taken by inferior lords fliould be reafonable ; and that the 

 aids taken by the king of hit tenants in capile fliould be 

 fettled by parliament, i'lut they were never completely af- 

 ccrtaincd and adjuiled till the llatute WcAm. 1. 3 F.dw. I. 

 c. 36, wliieh fixed the aids of inferior lords at twenty 

 flnllings, or the fuppofed twentieth part of the annual vahie 

 ot every knight's fee, for making tlie eldeil f(jn a knight, 

 or marrying the eldefl daughter ; and the fame was done 

 with regard to the king's tenants in cipile, by Hat. 25 luKv. 

 III. c. 1 1. The otlier aid, for ranfom of the lord's perfon, 

 being not in its nature capable of any certainty, was thcre- 

 foie never afeertained. Blackll. Com. hb. ii. c. 5. vol. ii. 

 p. 64. 8vo. 



By the flat. 54 Edw. I. it is ordained, that the king fhall 

 levy no aid or tax vi-ithout his parliament. 



Aids feem to have been firll cllablilhed with a view to the 

 clients and frecdmen of ancient Home, wlio made prefents 

 to their patron towards his daughters fortune, as alfo on his 



birth-day, and on other folemn occafions Accordingly, 



BouteiUer relates, that in his time thefe aids depended cin 

 the courtefy and good will of the vall'als ; for which rcafoo 

 they were called, droits de comphiifance. 



The bifliops alfo received aids from their ecclefiaflics, 

 called fynodals, and pentecojlals. They were to be paid at 

 the time of their coniecration ; or when they had a king to 

 entertain ; or when called by the pope to his court, or to a 

 council ; as alfo when they went to receive the pallium. 



Add, that the archdeacons alfo exafted aids from the 

 clergy of their jurifdiftion. See Procuration. 



A kind of feudal aids are frill levied in Germany, &c. 

 under the title of colleds. 



Aids are alfo ufed in matters of polity, for any extra- 

 ordinary taxes, or impofitions, occafionally levied by the 

 king and parliament, upon the fnbjecls, to fupport the 

 charges of the government, when the ordinary revenue is 

 deficient. 



Am, royal, is a name frequently given to the land-tax. 

 Aid, in Theolj^y ,- the aids or afTiftances of divine favour, 

 which are offered to man, have been the fubjeft of muck 

 difpute betwixt the Janfenifls and Jefuits ; for the compofing 

 whereof, a celebrated congregation was ercfted at Rome 

 under the title of congregation of aids, con^rcgalio de 

 cuixiliis. 



Some divines, after St. Aiigufline, diflinguilh two kinds 

 of aids, i<iz. fine quo, and quo. 



Auxiliumfme quo, that which the mind is at liberty either 

 to ufe or refufe ; fueh is fuppofed to have been the aid mi- 

 niftered to man in the Hate of innocence, while his mind and 

 will were found and upright. 



Ain.ilium quo amounts to wliat is otherv.-ife called efficacious 

 grace, which furmounts and lubdnes the will ; fuch, accord- 

 ing to the Calvinills and janfeniils, is fuppofed to be the 

 ai(l minillcred by grace, in the prefent fallen Hate of human 

 nature. 



Aids, in the Manege, are helps or affiflances by which 

 the horfeman contributes towards the motion or a£tion re- 

 quired of the horfe, by a judicious uk* of his body, or the 

 appointments of the horfe. 



Aid* 



