ALB 



progn-fs of Simon Montfort, and fearing for hiiiifolf, and 

 for hii couniry, raifcd a larpe army, and received fuccoui 



lid 

 couniry, railed a larpe army, and received niccour 

 from the kiiijjs of England and Aragon, to whom lie w.ij 

 related. Haviny; been deprived of his dominions by Mont- 

 fort, he appealed, for redrcf:-, to the coiineil of l^ateran in 

 12 I J, but without aTuil. The fynod decreeing him for ever 

 excluded, lie went to Spain, and his fon Raymond to IVo- 

 vcnce, in order to toUee I auxiliary forces ; and with thefe 

 he recovered part of his ijoininiixis, and the city of I'ouloufe 

 itfelf. Montfort was killed at the fiege in his endeavour to 

 retake it. Theeail died in 1221, and was iuccecdtd by his 

 foil, who w.is unable to procure chrillian burial tor his father. 

 When Raymond had recovered his father's dominions, the 

 Inquifitlon was banifhed from the country of Touloufe ; but 

 pope Honorius III. uftd ever)- eftort to render him ob- 

 noxious, and earnellly urged king Lewis of France to take 

 up arm's againil the Albigenfcs. The French king under- 

 took the expedition againil Raymond and the heretics, and 

 laid liege to Avignon ; where he and many of his army died 

 of a dyfenteiy and other difealVs. Avignon was at length 

 taken by treacheiy, andToulouie was compelled to furrender. 

 Raymond obtained peace upon ver\- hvimiliating conditions; 

 being required to abjure his hcrefy, andto befor eveilubjeCt 

 to the fee of Rome, to expel all heretics, and in no cafe to 

 defend them ; to pay a line of 2000 marks, and to furrender 

 a. confidcrable part of his dominions to the king and the 

 church. He was then led to the high altar, in a linen gar- 

 ment and with naked feet, and abfolved from the fentence of 

 excommunication. Opprelfed afterwards by a feries of mif- 

 fortunes, he boived his neck to the papal yoke, and lignified 

 to the pope his defire that herefy might be wholly extirpated 

 from his dominions. Soon after this aft of fervile humilia- 

 tion, viz. in I 249, he died, and was the lall earl of Tou- 

 loufe of that line. In confctjuence of thefe events, the 

 .Albigenfes were difperfed, and thty were httle known or 

 heard of till the time of the Reformation, when thofe who 

 remained fell in with the VAunois, and contoiTned to the 

 doftriiie of Zuinghus, and the difcipline of Geneva. Lim- 

 boreh's HllL of the Inquifition by Chandler, vol. i. p. 42 — 

 70. Molheim's Eccl. Hill. vol. ii. p. 5H0. 8vo. 



ALBIN, in Gfoirraphy, a town of Fiance, in the depart- 

 ment of the Aveyron, lix leagues north-well of Rhodes. 



ALBINA, in Co?ichulugy, a fptcies of Helix, with a 

 fmooth perforated white (hell, gibbous below, and quad- 

 rangular aperture. It refembles the Albella. 



ALBINALI,in Giogiiiph's',71 townofAfia,inArabiaFehx. 



ALBINATUS ya^. See Aubaine. 



ALBINE. SeeAssixF,. 



ALBINELLA,in£n.''/.H«/'yv,a fpeciesof Phaljf.n aTi- 

 nf.a, with brown wiiigs,and a fingle golden line, arched on the 

 fore part, found in the groves of the northern part of Europe. 



ALBINEN, or Alp EX, in Geu^raphi, a town of Swit- 

 zerland, in the Valais, 22 miles eall of Sion. 



ALBINGAUNUM, or Albium Ingaunum, a town 

 of Italy on the north call fide of Liguria. See Aldknga. 



ALBINI, in Antiquity. See Albarium Opus. 



ALBiNOS, in Xoolnyj and Gtography, a denomination 

 given to the white negroes of Africa, who have light hair, 

 blue eyes, and a white body, refembling that of the Euro- 

 peans, when viewed at a dillance ; but, upon a nearer ap- 

 proach the whiteneis is pale and livid, like that of leprous 

 pcrfons, or of a dead hotly. Their eyes are fo weak that 

 they can hardly fee any objeft in the day, or bear the ravs 

 of the fun, and yet, when the moon Ihines, they fee as well, 

 and run through the deeped (hades of their forefts, with as 

 much eafe and aftivlty, as other men do in the brlghtcft day- 

 light. Their complexion is delicate ; they are lefs robull 



ALB 



and vigorous than other men ; they generally deep in the 

 day, and go abroad in the night. The negroes regard 

 them as monflers, and will not allow them to propagate 

 their kind. In Afiica this variety of the human fpecies 

 very frequently occurs. Wafer informs us, that there are 

 white Indians of the fame general eharafter among the yel- 

 low or copper-coloured Indians of the Uthmus of Darien ; 

 and the Chacrf.las of Java, as will as the Bedas of 

 Ceylon, fecm to be of the fame defcrlption. M. BufTon 

 obl'erves, that tliis variation of nature takes place from black 

 to while only, and not from white to black ; and that all 

 the people in the Eall Indies, in Africa, and in America, 

 among whom thcle white men appear, lie under the fame 

 latitude : the iftlimus of Darien, the Negro countr)', and 

 the illand of Ce)loii being under the fame parallel. It 

 has been a fubjcft of inquiry, whether thefe men form a 

 ])eculiar and dlllinCt race, and a permanent variety of the 

 human fpecies, or are merely individuals who have acciden- 

 tally degenerated from their original (lock. Buffon inclines to 

 the latter opinion, and he alledgps in proof of it, that in the 

 ilUimus of America a hufband and wife, both of a copper 

 colour, produce one of thefe white children ; fo that the 

 ilngidar colour and conllilution of thefe white Indians muft 

 be a fpecies of difeafe which they derive from their parents ; 

 and the production of whites by negro parents, which fome- 

 tlmes haj)pen, confirms the lame theor)'. According to this 

 author, white appears to be the primitive colour of nature, 

 which maybe varied by climate, food, and manners, to yellow, 

 brown, and black ; and which, in certain circumllances, re- 

 turns, but fo much altered, that it has no refemblance ta 

 the original whitenefs, becaufe it has been adulterated by 

 the caufes that are afligned. Nature, he fays, in her moll 

 perfect exertions, made men white ; and the fame nature, 

 after fuffering every poffihle change, ilill renders them 

 white : but the natural or fpecific whitenefs is very differ- 

 ent from the individual or accidental. Of this we have 

 examples in vegetables, as well as in men and other animals. 

 A white rofe is very- different, even in the quality of white- 

 nefs, from a red rofe, which has been rendered white by the 

 autumnal frofts. He deduces a farther proof that thefe 

 white men are merely degenerated individuals from the com- 

 parative weaknefs of their conflltntlon, and from the ex- 

 treme feeblencfs of their eyes. This lad faft, he fays, will 

 appear to be lefs lingular, when it is conlidered, that, in 

 Europe, very fair men have generally weak eyes ; and 

 he has remarked, that their organs of hearing are often 

 dull : and it has been alledged by others, that dogs of a 

 perteftly white colour are deaf. This is a fubjeft which de- 

 mands farther inveltlgation. Buffon, Nat. Hift. by Smellie, 

 vol. ili. p. 179 — 182. 



M. Sauffure, in his "Voyages dans les Alpes," gives an 

 account of two boys at Chamouni, whom he refers to the 

 clafs of Albinos. One of them was about 20 or 21 years 

 of age, and the other about two years younger. The 

 tldelt had a dull look, with thickifh lips, but his features 

 in other refpefts were not different from thofe of other 

 people. The youngell was of a more agreeable figure, 

 and more fprlghth'. Their eyes were not blue ; the iris 

 was rofe-coloured ; and the pupil, when viewed in the 

 light, appeared red ; whence he infers, that the interior 

 membranes were deprived of the uvea, and of the black 

 mucous matter bv wliich they fhould have been lined. In 

 their infancy, their hair, eye-brows, eye-lallies, and the 

 down upon their Ikin, were very tine, and of a perfect 

 milk-white colour ; but at the j'.ge above-mentioned, the 

 hair was of a reddllh call and more llrong. Their fight was 

 alfo flrengthened, and, even In their infancy, was not much 

 I e&ended 



