ALB 



tfttrr, ind flcwer ftrongcr, than when kept in pots. Mar- 

 tyn's MiUcr. 



ALBUCASIS, in Biography, an Arabian phyfician ar.d 

 furgeOD.i'fririirular merit. At whiil timcliclncd is not pre- 

 CilcSy known; but as lie Ucfcnbcs tiitf art of furgcry,as greatly 

 dt^ncratid in his time, and gives proofs ol the ignorance 

 Ot" many of his eoiitemp;)rjries, it is thought he could not 

 be earlier than the middle of the I2th century; that is, 

 about an hundred years after Aviceiina, when furgei7 

 was fucctfsfullv cultivated, it appears by a Mi>. in the 

 EfcurjJ library, (Bib. Ar. Hifp. torn. li. p. 136.) that 

 he djcd in i io6. Much of what he has left on the 

 fubjift of his ait, is copied from Rhafcs, from Paulas 

 J\Lg\i\£la, and other preceding writers ; but there are a!fo 

 many original obfenrations ; and although in tlie prtfi iit 

 improved ftate of furgery, htile can be learned fiuni him, 

 yet by thofe who love to fee the liili daivnings of impiove- 

 nient in fcicnce, his works will be llill turned over with 

 phaUirc. He infilled on the ncceffity of a furgeon's being 

 /killed in anatomy, to enable him to operate witli fuccels ; 

 he alio held it to be equally nccelTaiy that he Ihould 

 be accjuainttd with the Materia Medica, or the properties 

 of the medicines employed in curing difeafes ; and inveighs 

 agaiiill thofe wlio undertake for gain the cure of difeafes, of 

 the nature and caufcs of which they are unacquainted. It 

 appears from his writings, that he extraifled polypi from 

 the nollriis, performed the operation of broncliotoiny, and 

 iifed a prepanition fimilar to the lapis infcrnalis, as a cauftic. 

 He made great ufc of the actual cauteiy, and is extrava- 

 piiit in his elogia on its properties. He is the firft writer 

 who left dii\incl dcfcriptious and delineations of the inltrii- 

 mer.ts ufedin furgery, and of the manner ot employing them. 

 His works, which have been tranJlated into Latin, at fatis 

 barbarc, Haller fays, have paHed through fevcral editions ; 

 the raoft eileemed is tliat publilhed 1 541, under the following 

 title : — " Medendi Methodus certa, clara, et brevis, ple- 

 raque qui ad Medicinae partes omnes, pnvcipi'^ qurc ad 

 Chirurgiam requiruntur, hbris tribus exponens." Bafile^, 

 IJ41, folio, " Cum Chirurgia Guidonis de Chauliaco." 



Haller has given a detailed, and pretty extended ac- 

 count of the fubjecls treated of in the volume. Vid. Bib- 

 Lotheca Chirurgica, vol. i. p. 137. 



Mr. Chanaing has publilhed an edition of Albucafis, in 

 Arabic and Latin, from the Clarendon prefs : " Albucafis de 

 Chirurgia.Arab.andLat. cura. J.Channing." Oxon. 177S. 

 ALBUGINEA Tunica Uculi, in yhiatomv, has been 

 faid to be the exuanfion of the tendons of the four ftraight 

 mufcles of tlx; eye, on the front of the felcrotica. Modern 

 anatomifts, however, do not fpeak of a tunica albuginea ; the 

 tihitenefs of part of the eye-ball being owing to the colour 

 f)f the tunica conjuniftiva, where it covers the front of the 

 fclerotica. Sec Conjunctiva. 



Albugisea Tunica Tejlis, one of the coats of the 

 teftis, which is white and ftrong, and clofely invells its 

 glaiidular ftruClure. 



ALBUGINEUS is applied by fome, to denote the 

 aqueous humour of the eye. 



ALBUGO, or Album oculi, the fame with albuginea, 

 or the ivhitt of the eye. 



.'\.t.BUGO, in Surgery, otherwife called Leucoma, is a 

 whitifh opaque fpeck, on the tranfparent part of the eye. 

 It is denominated by popular writers, a fear, film, h.izu, 

 pearl, dragcn. Sec. The tranfmiflion of the rays of light 

 through the cornea being obftruftcd by this denfity of its 

 roats, is f:illowed by a partial or total blindnefs, according 

 to the extent ef the dieafe. There are different ftagcs and 

 Ctiufes of the albugo, accompanied with more or lefi. inllam. 



ALB 



mation. The cure will be difficult in proportion to th« 

 degree of opacity, and the concomitant circumllanccs. 

 Sometimes it entirely baflRcs the fliill of the lurgeon ; and 

 at other times, it difappears without any altenlion. 



When the difeafe is accompanied villi much aftive inflam- 

 mation, leeches (hould be ajiplitd on the temples or under 

 the eye. If a fuperiicial turgid blood-veffel be obferved 

 going into the affedled part, and kee])ing up the diforder, it; 

 may be fafcly divided by the point of a lancet. But when 

 tliere is no inflammation, and tipecially, if there be a fluid 

 inteqiofid between the anterior membranes of the cornea, 

 lightly llimulating applications fliould be employed ; fuch as 

 a ilream of elettric effluvia, drawn from a wooden point ; 

 or the vapour of warm camphorated fpirits, or oil of tur- 

 pentine ; or a compofitioii of pulverifed fugar, aloes, and 

 linely levigated glais, blown through a quill. Great caution, 

 however, ihould be obferved in tiie ufe of thefe remedies ; 

 for, by injudicious management, the cafe may be much 

 aggravated, and even rendered incurable. 



Some perfons advife us to excite the abforbents of the eye 

 by collyria of alum, nitrated lilver, vitriolated zinc, vitrio- 

 lated copper, or a vciy weak folntion of muriated mercury ; 

 accompanied with repeated fmall dofes of calomel and cin- 

 chona ; but it too frequently happens that more harm thari 

 good is done by ftrong irritating applications to fo tender an 

 organ. The cutting of an iflue in the arms, or a fcton in 

 the neck of the patient, has been alfo recommended in al- 

 bugo; although we think their efficacy is very problematical. 



It has been fuppofed that Tobit's blindnefs, mentioned 

 in the fecond chapter of that apocryphal book, was the 

 difeafe of which we have here treated. Vide Tobix I^eu- 

 comata Diffcrt. med. dilucid. Prof. Mauchardt, S:c. Tu- 

 bing. I 74.8 ; in Haller, Difp. Chirurg. vol. i. p. 366, 4to. 



ALBUHAZAN-IBUN-HAIDOR, plulofopher, phy- 

 fician, and altrologer, at Fez, in Barbaiy, phyficiau to 

 feveral of their kings, died of the plague in 1415, and left 3 

 treatife on the cure of that dileale. Eloy.Dict. Hift. vol. i. 



P- 7.^ 



ALBULA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Mauri- 

 tania, in Africa. 



Alevla, in the Linnxan fyftem of Ichthyology, a 

 fpecies of Salmo. It is alio the name of a fpecies of 

 MuGiL, w'ith the anterior dorfal-fin quadriradiated, the 

 alhula Bahamenjis of Catelby, and the lefler filvery mugil of 

 Brown (Jam.), with the anterior dorfal-fin compofed of 

 four rays. It is found in America. 



Albula Indica, the name of a fmall fifii, refembling a 

 herring, caught about the fhores of the Eaft-Indies, and 

 called by the Dutch, the V\\T-fiJh. Ray. 



Albula nohilis, of Willughby and Ray, the Lavarrtus 

 Salmo of the Linnxan fyftem, and the Gwiniad of the 

 Britiib Zoology. 



Albula, is alfo the name given by fome writers to the 

 Z.«/r//2«j- CvpfeiNus of the Linnxan fyftem, and the Dack 

 of Englifli writers. 



Albula is alfo the name of a fpecies of Nerita, called 

 mammilla, in the Linnsan fyftem of Zoology. 



Albula, is alto a name given by fome natu'-ahfts, to 

 mineral waters of the luminous kind, endued with an ai- 

 tringcnt quality, and of ufe in wounds. 



ALBULTJS, in the Linnsan fyl^cm of Zoology, a fpe- 

 cies of Turbo, with an imperforate iV.-.ooth (hell, and ipres 

 rotundated and ftriated ; found, rarely, in the deep feas of 

 Greenl.ind. 



ALBLTM, in Antiquity, denotes a white table, or regif- 

 ter, in which the names of magillratef, public tranfaftions, 

 &c. v.ere to b- ir.lcnbed or entered. 



J HcKce 



