ALE 



pa/Iiiij through the Bazars, to undiffs and cxpofc the 

 clothes in the open air ; and before drtufling in frcfii clothes, 

 to wafh once more with vinegar. 7. The only prelcrvation 

 uffd internally, was a large dofc, twice a day, of extrart 

 of hark ; drinking after it a draupjht of wine and water, 

 aeidulattd witli elixir of vitriol. Thefc precantions, ob- 

 ferved by the Doftorhimlelf, were attended with l^c<.:efs. 



Aleppo, nightly defended by the ruined walla and towers 

 of its ealUe, and expofcd to the appriiachcs of alfailants by 

 the rifing grounds that environ it, is a place ot no import- 

 unce in tin\c of war, tliongli it be the kev ot Syria to the 

 north : but, confidered as a commercial city, it is the em- 

 porium of Armenia, and the Diarbekir ; fends caravans to 

 Bagdad and into Perfia ; and communicates with tlie Per- 

 fian GuJf, and India by liafia, with Egypt and Mecca by 

 Damafcus, and with llnrope by Scanderoon or Alexan- 

 drttta and Latakia. Commerce is here principally carried 

 on by barter. The chief commodities arc raw- or fpun 

 cotton, coarfe linens, fabricated in the villages, filk Huffs, 

 manufaiftured in the city, copper, coarfe clollis like thole of 

 Rouen, goat's hair, brought from Natolia, tiie gall-nuts of 

 the Curdeftan, tiie merchandize of India, fuch as fliawls and 

 muflins, and piftachio nuts of the growth of the neighbour- 

 hood. The articles fupplied by Europe are the Langue- 

 doe cloths, cochineal, indigo, fugar, and fome other groce- 

 ries. The coffee of America, though prohibited, is intro- 

 duced, and ferves to mix with thai of Mocha. RufFell's 

 Natin-al Hiilory of Aleppo, 2 vols. 410. 1794, pafTim. — 

 Volney's Travels into Syria, &c. vol. ii. p. 1:19, &:c. For the 

 coins, weights, and nieai'ures of Aleppo, fee Syria. 



Alfppo, old, now Kinnasrefn, the ruined remains of 

 the ancient Chalcis, of which there are veftiges of the 

 fotmdation of walls without a fmgle houfe Handing. This 

 ancient city furrendered on capitulation to the Saracens, in 

 the I7lh year of the Hegira, A. D. 630, foon after their 

 invafion of Syria. 



Aleppo, Bashawlick or Pachalic of, one of the five 

 pachalies of Syria, is a province of great extent, reach- 

 ing ealhvard from the bay of Scanderoon to the banks of 

 the Euphrates, and from 40 miles north of the city, ex- 

 tending about 50 miles to the fouth call. But it is not 

 row nearly fo extenfive as it was in former times. Khillis, 

 which was formerly dependent on Aleppo, is erefted into a 

 diftinft province, on account of the frequent depredations 

 of the Kurdeens, who inhabit the neighbouring mountains ; 

 and fmce the year 1752 an alteration has taken place with 

 refpeft to Bylan, which, together with Caramoot, Scande- 

 roon, Byas, and the adjacent momitains, has been put under 

 the government of a native of Bylan, who for that purpofe 

 was created a bafliaw of two tails. At prefent the pacha- 

 lic on the north is bounded by the village Bailik, fituated 

 in the road to Aintab, eallward, by the Dcfert, Bab at the 

 diftance of ten hours eaft-north-eaft, and Haglah, about the 

 fame diftance to the fouth-fouth-eaft, being among the lall 

 inhabited villages : on the fouth it is bounded by the Great 

 DeferL, between the fkiits of which and the weft, or weft 

 north-weft, are fituated the moft fertile and populous parts 

 of the foreft. Sirmeen is the laft town fouthward ; and 

 Antioth, with its dependencies, may be reckoned the 

 veftem boundary, which, till a late period, reached to the 

 fea : Scanderoon and Byas being then the two frontier 

 maritime towns. About one half of the villages which ftood 

 formeriy on the books of the province, are faid to be to- 

 tally deferted. Many of the inhabitants of this mountain- 

 ous trad acknowledge fcarcely any authority but that of 

 their own chieftains ; and the champaign, in' many places, 

 is eithct dcfert, or only occupied tranfiently by the wander- 



A L E 



ing tribes of Turkmans, Begdelccs, and RuOiwans, from tlie 

 north, or by the Bidoweens and Chingana ; who, though 

 they pav an annual tribute, can hardly, in other relpecls, 

 be reckoned fubjefts of the province. The opprefiion of 

 the agas, the deftructive marches of the grandees thiough 

 the province, and the roving of the ruffian troops of Le- 

 vands out of pay, oblige the peafant tenants to remove ; 

 fo that vail tracts of the beautiful plains in the bafltawlick, 

 are fliamefuUy overrun with thiiUes, whilft the mountainous 

 parts, better fecured from opprcilion, are finely cultivated, 

 full of people, and prefent on every fide thriving haniUtsr 



Such is the account given of this pachalic by Dr. RufTcH, 

 Vohiey defcribes it, as extending from the Euphrates to the 

 Mediterranean, between two lines, one drawik from Scan- 

 deroon to Beer, along tlie mountains, the other from Beles 

 to the fea by Mare and the bridge of Shogar, and as con- 

 fining of two plains, that of Anticch to the weft, and that of 

 Aleppo to the eaft : the north and lea coaft being occupied 

 by conliderably high mountains, known to the ancients by 

 the names of Araanus and Rhofus. The foil of this pa- 

 chalic is generally fat and loamy : the greateft part of the 

 lands lies wafte, and the traces of cultivation are fcarcely 

 difcernible in the environs of the towns and villages. 



Thofe European merchants, who have refided at Aleppo 

 20 years, have witncfTed the depopulation of the greater- 

 part of the environs of the city. The traveller fees nothing 

 in this and other pachalies of Syria, but houfes in ruins, 

 ciilerns rendered ufelefs, and fields abandoned. Thofe who 

 cultivated them are fled into the towns where the population 

 is abforbed, and where the individual conceals himfclf 

 among the crow-d from the rapacious hand of defpotifm. 

 Its principal produce conlifts of wheat, barley, and cotton, 

 which are found in the flat country : in the mountains they 

 cultivate the vine, midberrv, olive, and fig-trees. The fides 

 of the hills, towards the fea-coaft, are appropriated to 

 tobacco, and the territory of Aleppo to piltachios. The 

 pafturage is abandoned to the wandering Turkmen and 

 Curds. For other particulars, fee the article of Aleppo. 

 Ruftell's Hill. vol. i. p. 314. 339. Volney's Travels, vol. ii. 

 p. 139, &c. 



ALER, a river of Siberia, which joins the Atiga at AIe» 

 urika. 



ALEREA, Ardantss-, in Ancient Geo^raph^, a city of 

 Gaul, belonging to the Bituriges Cubi, and placed by M. 

 d'Anville between Ernodurum and Argentoraagus. 



ALERIA, a town of Corfica, fituated on an eminence in 

 the eaft fide of the illand, near the mouth of the river Ro- 

 tanus, according to Ptolemy. Herodotus (lib. i. c. 165.. 

 p. 78.) mentions it under the name of Alalia, and fays it was 

 founded by the Phocaeans. Diodorus Siculus (lib. v. c. 1 3. 

 torn. i. p. 340.) calls it KaXaptf, Calaris, and fays that it was 

 built by the Phocsans. Sylla ellabliflied a colony in it, and, 

 on this account, has been reprefented as its founder. It is 

 now in ruins, and altogether abandoned on account of its un- 

 healthy fituation, though in former times it has been a confi- 

 derable city, and the fee of a bifhop. 



ALERION, in Heraldry. See Allerion. 



ALES, Alexander, in Biography, a divine of Augs.- 

 burg, was born at Edinburgh, April 23d, 1500, and having 

 raadeaconfiderable progrtfs in the fchool of divinity, engaged 

 in the controvcrfy of the day againft I,uther. He alfo took 

 a part in the difpute with Patrick Hamilton, and endeavoured 

 to profelyte him to the catholic religion ; but in the progrefs 

 of the conference, he himfelf began to entertain doubts, 

 which were increafed by the conftancy of this Scots martyr 

 at the ftakc. The perfecution he fuffered drove him into 

 Germany, where he was at length converted to the proteft- 



ant 



