ALL 



out Biniopj;ate, in wliicli he was born, and ton in St. Sa- 

 viour's parilli, Soutliwark, and bequeathed fovi ml fmall le- 

 j^acies to his relations and friend;, he appropriated the rc- 

 i'uh'.e of liis»property to the ufe of the college. He died in 

 i6:6, in the 6 1 (I year of his age, and was buried in the 

 chapel of h;s own college. The chapel, mailer's apartments, 

 &c. are in the front of this building, ar.d the lodgings of 

 the other inhabitants, &c. in the two wings, of which that 

 on the call iide was handfomelv new built, in 1739, at the 

 expence of the college. They have a fmall library of books, 

 and a gallciy of pictures, with that of the founder at full 

 length. The infcription over the door conclude'; with thefe 

 words: " Abi tii, et fac fimilitcr ;" i.e. Go thou, and do 

 likewifc. Biog. Brit. 



A..T,-GOOD, m Botar.y. See Chenovodium. 



AL',.-HEAL. See Hfr.«,clkum and Stacuy^. 



ALT I, or Sf. MlRUS, in yhi.:!.;:.' Geograpky, a river of 

 Brutium, in Italy. 



ALLIA, a fmall river of Italy, in the territory of the 

 Sabines, to which Virgil (lib. vii. v. 717.) annexes the epi- 

 thet of " infauftum nonien," in allufion to the defeat of the 

 Roman army by tiie Gauls on the banks of this river, when, in 

 the ye V of Rome 363, 40,000 Romans were either killed or 

 put to (light. Hence, " AUienfis dies," is in their alma- 

 naek.s marked as an unlucky day, i. e. the iSth of July, 

 which was the anniverfarj' of this battle. Livy (lib. v. c. 37. 

 torn. ii. p. 165.) reprefents this river as runnirig down a veiy 

 fteep channel from the mountains of Cvuiluminum, at the 

 iith mile-ftone, and mixing with the Tiber. Our ancef- 

 tors, fays Cicero (ad yVttic. lib. ix. 5. tom. viii. p. 355.) 

 deemed the dav of the battle of Allia, more fatal than that 

 of llie capture of the city. 



ALLIANCE, in the Ciiil ar.i! Canon I^anv, the imion 

 or connexion of two perfons, or two families, by means of 

 marriage ; otherwife called affinity. 



The word fecms formed of the Latin acHigatio, q. d. a ly- 

 ing together. 



The law of the Tiurlve Tables forbids all alliance between 

 perfons of unequal rank and condition. And in Portugal, 

 we are told, the daughters of the nobility are prohibited to 

 ally with fuch as have never been in the wars. 



Alliance is alfo extended to the leagues or treaties con- 

 cluded between fovereign princes E-.nd dates, for their mutual 

 fafety and defence ; in which fenfe they are the fame with 

 what we otherwife call confedernc-f, league, &c. Alliances 

 make a fpecies of treaties, which are ulually divided into 

 treaties of peace, of commerce, and of alliance, properly fo 

 called. Thefe are fometimes particularly denominated fo- 

 reign alliances. 



Alliances are varioudy diftinguifhed, according to their 

 objeft, the parties in them, Sec. Hence we read of equal, un- 

 equal, triple, quadruple, grand, offenfive, defenfive, &c. al- 

 liances. Uneq.ial allianceSjyii./tnz ineijiia/ia, are tho{e wherein 

 one of the contrafting powers promifes patronage or protec- 

 tion, and the other fidelity and obfervance ; by whicli they 

 Hand contradiib.nguilTicd from alliances, wherein the feveral 

 powers treat on a par. Offcufive aUiance, is that whereby 

 the parties oblige themfelves jointly to attack fome otiier 

 power. This itands contiadiilinguifhed from defenfive al- 

 liances. 



Alliances, offenfive and defenfive, are thofe in which the 

 contrafting partirs agree to regard as a common enemy any 

 P'Aver that attacks either of them, as well as mutually to 

 di ferd each other. Such was that between the Emperor and 

 tiie States-General againil !■' ranee, concluded at Vienna the 

 I2tl; of May, 16S9, and which was the commencement of 

 that which was called the general or grand alliance. To 

 thi3 treaty Spain was to be invited by the emperor, and 



ALL 



England by the States, and it was (lipulated that all tht al- 

 lies of either party were to be admitted, if ihey thought pro- 

 per to accede. The triple alliance between Lnglami, Hol- 

 land, and Sweden, in 1668, concluded by the ncgocialion of 

 l">e Wit and Temple, was an event of importance in the hil- 

 toiy of Europe. England thus recovered her influence and 

 credit in Europe. Temple was applauded for it. The 

 French monarch and the court of Spain were greatly dif- 

 pleafed •, but they were obliged to acqniefce, as the whole of 

 Europe feemed to lepofe v.ith fecurily under liie wirg- of 

 that powerful confederacy, which had been fo baj-pily 

 formed for her protection.' Another alliance of this kind 

 was formed in 17c I between the kings of Great Britain and 

 Denmark, a-'d the States-General; and another beU\een 

 the Emperor, Ei:;-land, and Holland was concluded in t!ie 

 fame year. A triple alliance was formed in 17 16 betwe'cii 

 Great' Britain, France, and the States-Gener.-!. 'Fhe in- 

 trigues of Cardinal Alberoni, prime-miniller to Phihj) V. of 

 Spain, produced various negociations in 171S, )r.)ni which 

 at length fprung the treaty, called at firll the triple alliance 

 between Great Britain, France, and Holland ; and, alter 

 the accefiion of the emperor, lliled the quadruple alliance. 

 Theobjea of this alliance was to fettle all difputed preten- 

 fions between Spain, Gemiany, and fome of the Itah;-;! 

 princes. The king of Sicily was adir.itted into this treaty ; 

 and at length the king of Spain himfelf was forced to accede 

 to it; and Alberoni was banifhed by Philip V. But as 

 fome points were ftiU controverted between the emperor and 

 king of Spain, thefe were refeiTed to be amicably determined 

 in the congrefs opened at Cambray in 1721, under the 

 mediation of his Britannic Majcily and ih.e moil ChriiUan 

 king. Puifendorf, Grotius, and other writers upon the 

 laws of nature and nations, have dillingninieJ alliances into 

 perfonal and real. The former are thofe which are made 

 with a king conlidered perfonally, fo that they terminate 

 with his life, and real are fuchasexiil between ftatCo ae.d na- 

 tions, and which fubfift and retain their obligation after the 

 death of the king or ruling magiilratcs. It has been argued 

 by others, that the admiflion of perfonal alliances is incon- 

 fiilent with the foundation of political fociety, and that they 

 tend to feparate the fovereign from his fubjecls. 



Though the title of allies, _/oc/7, of the Romans, was a fort 

 of fervitude, it was much coveted. Ariarathes, we are told 

 by Polybius, offered a facrifice to the gods by way of thanki- 

 giving for having obtained this alliance. The reafon was, 

 that thenceforwards people were fure not to receive any in- 

 juries except from them. C-.efar informs us that a great 

 number of kings had this honour. There were divers lorts 

 of allies: fome only united to them, by a participation of 

 the privileges of the Romans, as the Latini and Hernici ; 

 others by their very foundation, as the colonies ; others by 

 the benefatlions they received from them as Mafiiniira, Eu- 

 menes, and Attalus, who owed their kingdoms to Rome ; 

 others by free treaties, which laft, by a long alliance, be- 

 came fubjecls, as the kings of Bithyiiia, Cappadocia, Egypt, 

 and moll of the cities of Greece : lallly, others by com- 

 pulfive treaties, and the law of fubjecftion, as Philip and 

 Antiochus. For they never granted peace to an enemy, 

 without making an alliance with him ; that is, they never 

 fubdued any people without ufmg it as a means of fubduing 

 others. 



The allies of Italy, Socii flalicl, were diilinguifhed from 

 other foreign allies. Of thefe there were two kinds ; thofe 

 diilinguifhed by the name of frirfedum, who were governed 

 by Roman magillrates and laws, and thofe who retained the 

 privilege of being governed by their own ancient laws, and 

 were denominated aulonomi. The l^atin allies, foat laiini, 

 were thofe who enjoyed the ywr Laiii, and who held the full 

 4X2 rank 



