ALL 



ALL 



rank hi the order of allies; of iIrTc there were three diftinc- 

 tions, viz. thofc wiio inhabited Latium, the Latin colonies, 

 and thofe on whom were conferred the privileges of the 

 Latin colonics, on acc«u!it of foine fcrviee which had been 

 rendered by them to the Roman Hate, or by the peculiar 

 favour of the Roman people and the emperors. There was 

 a great difference between the allie.i and the auxiliaries, when 

 they were admitted into tiic armies of the Roman empire. 

 The allied troops were always taken from the allies of Italy, 

 which had never been reduced into Roman provinces. The 

 auxdiaries were fnrnilhed by the foreign allies. The allied 

 troops maintained themfelves at their own charge, and were 

 fnpplicd only with corn by the Romans ; the latter were 

 kept in pay by them. When the allies joined the Roman 

 army, the conluls chofe 12 out of their number to command 

 them, under the name of pi-jefeds. They were of the fame 

 number, and pofleired Ihnilar powers with the tribunes of le- 

 gions. The places which they occupied in tlie army and camp 

 were affigned them by particular regulations. The allies ot 

 the provinces, J'ocit provir.i'uihs, held the firll rank among the 

 foreign allies. The honour-of this appellation was conferred 

 on provinces, which fnbmitted to the dominion of the Ro- 

 mans, and were governed by their own magiftratcs, according 

 to the culloms and laws of Rome, and paid an annual tribute 

 JO the fenate. Thefodi immunes were thofe who had never 

 been enemies to the Romans, and who were exempt from 

 every kind of impofition. Such were Ptolemy, king of 

 Egypt, and the Jews, who were the firll of the eallern 

 nations which folicited the friendfliip of Rome. Others, 

 after having been enemies of the Romans, laid down their 

 arms and contracted alliances with them. 



The forms or ceremonies of alliances have been various in 

 diflerent ages and countries. The Romans conferred it on 

 i'overeigns by a deputation of fenators, who accompanied it 

 with a fceptre of ivory, the toga pi(fta, and the titles of 

 ally and friend of the Roman people. Among us, figning 

 and fwearing, fometimes at the altar, are the chief ; an- 

 ciently eating and drinking together, chiefly offering facrifices 

 together, were the cuftomary rites of ratifying an alliance. 

 Among the Jews and Chaldeans, heifers or calves ; among 

 tlie (Greeks, bulls or goats ; and among the Romans, hogs 

 were facriliced on this occafion. Among the ancient Arabs, 

 ;jlliances were confirmed by drawing blood out of the palms 

 of the hands of the two contrafting princes with a (harp 

 flone, dipping herein a piece of their garments, and there- 

 with fmearing fcven (tones, at the fame time invoking the 

 gods Vrotalt and Alilat, /'. e. according to Herodotus, Bac- 

 chus and Urania. Among the people of Colchis, the con- 

 firmation of alliances is faid to be effefted by one of the 

 princes offering his wife's breads to the other to fuck, which 

 he was obliged to do till blood iffued. 



It has been difputed, whether the (lates of the empire 

 have a right of making alliances without the emperor's par- 

 ticipation : and whether the king of England be veiled 

 with abfolute power of making alliances at difcretion, with- 

 out confent of parliament. Dr. Davenant affeits the nega- 

 tive. According to him, the contrary opinion owes its rife 

 to the mere flattery of modern courtiers, having no founda- 

 tion in the ancient laws and conftitution of the kingdom. 

 King John and Richard II. were, according to thi« author, 

 the firll that attempted any thing like it. It is certain there 

 occur numerous inftances in hidory, where the king has 

 adced, or the parliament have offered, their advice, concern- 

 ing the alliances to be made ; but there are many others, at 

 lead of later times, wherein no footllcps of any fuch con- 

 fultation appear. There are indances likewife where the 

 parliament have declined giving any advice concerning fuch 

 arduous matters. 



Ati.iANCE, in a figurative fenfe, is applied to any kind 

 of union or connexion ; and in this fenfe the late bidiop 

 Warburton has ufedthe term in his treatife, entitled, " The 

 Alliance between Church and State," publidied in 1736. 

 Some perfons, however, who are advocates for a rehgious 

 cdabliflunent, have objeiled to this ufe of the term ; alledg- 

 ing, that alliance implies a contraft formed by two or more 

 independent powers ; whereas the ellablilhed church, being 

 a part of the date, or one of its members, cannot properly 

 be reprefented as entering into alliance with it. " The no- 

 tion," fays Lord Bolingbroke (Works, vol. iv. p. 515.) 

 " of a formal alliance between the church and the date, as 

 between two independent didinft powers, is a veiy ground- 

 lefs and whimfical notion." He informs us, that Ur. Se- 

 nior, preaching before King Charles II. at Newmarket from 

 Exod. iv. 14, 15, 16, edablifhed on thefe texts a fuppofed 

 alliance between the church and the date, or rather between 

 the church and the king. " Warburton," he fays, " took 

 his hint pofiibly from it ;" but of this we have no evi- 

 dence befides his lorddiip's affertion. Others have ob- 

 jefted to the fcntiment implied in the expredion. " Every 

 other idea" of a church edablifiunent, befides that of a 

 fcheme of inilrutlion, and " every other end" that has been 

 blended with that of the prefervation and communication of 

 religious knowledge, " as the making of the church an 

 engine, or even an ally of the date ; converting it into the 

 means of drengthening or of diffufing influence ; or regard- 

 ing it as a fupport of regal in oppofition to popular forms of 

 government, have ferved only to debafe the inditution, and 

 to introduce into it numerous corruptions and abufes." 

 Paley's Principles of Moral and Political Pliilofophy, vol. 

 ii. p. 305, ed. 6th. See Religious Establishment. 



Alliance Island, in Geography, an idand in N. lat. 8° 

 and E. long. ioo°, difcovered by a (hip fo called from Phi- 

 ladelphia in 1787. 



ALLIARIA, in Botany, a fpeciesof Erysimum. 



ALLICA, in Entomology, a fpecies of Papilio Nym- 

 phalh, with wings dentated and of a dark yellow colour ; 

 with numerous black points intermixed with white ; found, 

 of a fmall fize, in Siam. 



ALLIENI Forum, in Ancient Geography, a city of 

 Italy, now generally thought to be Ferrara. 



ALLIER, in Geogniphy, a river of France, which gives 

 name to one of the departments. It rifes near Chateau 

 Neuf de Randon, in the department of Lozere, and joins 

 the Loire three miles wed of Nevers. 



Allier, ckparlmtnt of, is formed of the ancient province, 

 Bourbonnois. It is bounded on the north, by the depart- 

 ments of Saone and Loire, Nievre and Cher ; on the ead, 

 by thofe of Saone and Loire, and the Loire ; on the fouth, 

 by thofe of the Loire, Puy de Dome, and Creufe ; and on 

 the wed, by thofe of Creufe and Cher. Its fuperficies is 

 about 1,454,341 fquare acres, or 742,272 heftares ; its- 

 population about 266,105 individuals; it is divided into 

 four communal dillridls ; and its chief town is Moulins. 



ALLIGATI, in Antiquity, the bafed and word kinds 

 of flaves, whom they kept locked up, or with fetters on. 



The Romans had three degrees, or orders, of (laves or 

 fervants ; the fird employed in the management of their ef- 

 tates, the fccond in menial or lower functions of the family, 

 the third called aUigati, above mentioned. 



ALLIGATION, in Arithmetic, a rule or operation 

 by which quedions are rclolved, relating to the mixture of 

 diverfe commodities or ingredients to~gether, with the value, 

 effeft, &c. thereof in compofition. 



The word is formed of alligare, to tie together, by reafon, 

 perhaps, of a fort of wncuht, or circular ligatures, ordina- 

 rily ufed to connedl the feveral ntmibers together. 



7 AUigation 



