A L M 



tlie pnfTion.ito imlignntion of n veterp.n lc:idcr,Ionn; acctinumod 

 to vidlory. Although he eiidcavoi'.ivd to fave hirr.fclf hy 

 flight, he was taken piifimer; and after remaining for ft- 

 veral montlis in ciiilodv under all th-; anguifh of fufptnce, 

 he was impeached ot treafun, formally tried and condemned 

 to die. Humbled and difpirited in the approacli of an ig- 

 nominious death, he earnelUy fupplieated life ; Init all his 

 e'ltreaties, which were ahjeft in a degree unwortliy of his 

 former fame, and all the argunitr.ts by which they were en- 

 forced, proved inefFeftual. The Pi/./aros were inflexible. 

 As foon, however, an Almagro knew his fate to be inevitable, 

 he met it with the dignity and fortitude of a veteran. He 

 was llrangkd in prifon and afterwards beheaded. He fufTtred 

 in his 75tli year, A. D, 153S, and left one fon by an Indian 

 ■ woman of Panama, whom, though at that time a prifoner 

 in Lima, he named as fucceflor to his government, in pur- 

 fuance of a po\ver which the emperor had granted him. 

 Almagro blended with the qualities of intrepid valour, in- 

 defatigable aftivity and infurmountable conllancy, an open- 

 liefs generofity and candour, that are natural to men wli'-fc 

 profefilon is arms ; he was, therefore, beloved by iiis fol- 

 lowers, his misfortunes excited their fympathy and pity, and 

 his death was fincerely regretted not only by them, but by 

 the Indians in general, who regarded him as their protector 

 againll the rigour of the obdurate Pi/.arro. After his death 

 the attachment of his friends was transferred to his fon, who 

 was now advanced to the maturity of manhood, and who 

 poffelTed all the qualities which captivate the an"eftions of 

 foldiers. Of a graceful appearance, dextrous at all martial 

 exercifes, bold, open, and generous, he fcemedto be formed 

 for command ; and as his father, confcious of his own in- 

 feriority from the total want of education, had been verj' 

 attentive to his inilruftion ; and the accomplifhmeiits which 

 he had acquired heigl'.tened the refpett of his followers, who 

 were illiterate adventm-ers; urged hkewifeby the feelings of 

 <iiilrels, as well as by fentin-.cnts of afleftion, they ranged 

 under his ilandard, and fouglit deliverance by his (Idll and 

 ^•alolu• from the opprcfllons of Pi/arro. Their contultations, 

 ■vviulft Pi/arro confided in his own fecurity, were direfted by 

 Juan de Herrada, an officer of great abilities, who had the 

 charge ot Almagro's education, with a zeal and authority 

 wiiich contributed to their profperovis ifTue. A confpiraey 

 was formed againft Pizavro, the uccomplidmient of which, 

 iiotwitliilanding his vigorous refirtanee, terminated in his 

 death. The afl'aflins, triumphing in their fuccefs and waving 

 their bloody fword;;, proclaimed the deatl: of the tyrant, and 

 compelled the magiftrates and principal citizens of I^ima to 

 acknowledge Almagro as lawful fucceflor to his father in the 

 government. His triumph, huwever, was of no long 

 duration. In 1541 Vaca de Callro arrived at (^lito, and 

 produced the royal commiHion, appointing him governor 

 of Peru, with the privileges and authority of the deceafed 

 Pi/arro. His talents and influence overpowered the intereil 

 of Almagro ; who perceiving the rapid progrcfs of dif- 

 affedtion to his caufe, and wifliing to check it before the 

 arrival of Vaca de Caftro, fet out at the head of his troops 

 for Cuzco, where the moll confiderable body of opponents 

 had ereiSed the royal fl;andard, under the command of Pedro 

 Alvarez Holguin. During his march, Herrada, the guide 

 of his counfcls, died ; and from that time his meafures 

 were confpicuous for their violence, but concerted with 

 little fagaeity, and executed with no addrefs. At length 

 Almagro and Vaca de Caftro met at Chupas, about zoo 

 miles from Cuzco, on Sept. 16, A.D. 1542 ; and viftory, 

 after long remaining doubtful, declared at latt for the new 

 governor. Ahnagro conducted the military optrations of the 



A L M 



day with a gallant fpirit, worthy of a better caufe and dc- 

 ferving another fate ; and his followen ditlinguiflud tlitm- 

 felves by their valour. The carnage was great in proportion 

 to the numbcrof combatants ; of 1400 men, the total amount 

 of combatants on both fules, 5C0 lav dead on liic Held, and 

 the number of the wounded was dill greater, Almngrn 

 efeaped, but being betrayed by foine of hi? own ofllcers, 

 was publicly beheaded in Cu'/co ; and in him the name of 

 Almagro, and tlie fpirit of the party, were exlinft. Moil. 

 Uu. Hilt. vol. xxxiv, p. 3R7 — 480. Robeitfon's Hift. of 

 America, vol. iii. p. 4 — 1 14, 8vo. 



Almagro, in Gogrnphs, a town of New Cafiile, in 

 .Spain, and capital of the diftricl: of I, a Mancha, called 

 Campo de Calatrava, and lituale three leagues ca(l-fouth-call 

 of Civdad R.al. It was built by the archbifliop Roderic, 

 of Toledo, who garrifoned it in 121.^, in order to rcllrain 

 the incurfions of the Moors. Its environs arc level and 

 fertile, and near it are medicinal fprings- 



ALMAGUEIl, a town of Kouth America, in thr 

 country of Popayan. 



ALMA IN, James, in Biogmphy, a fcholaftic divine, 

 was born at Sens, and became profeflor of di\"inity at tlie 

 college of Navarre, in Paris, in the year iJoS. He was a 

 fubtle logician and metaphyfician, and a ftrenuous advocate 

 for the principles of Scotus and Occam. In 1512 he w3» 

 employed iis explaining the book of Sentences, and alfo in 

 writing on behalf of Lewis XII. againft pope Julius II., 

 and in vindicating the authority of councils againft a book 

 publidied by cardinal Cajetan. He died at an early age, in 

 1515. His philofophital works wire, "A Treatife on 

 Phyfics," printed in 1505; " lour Treatifes of Ethics," 

 printed in 1 5 10; feveral treatifes on fchool divinity, aifd 

 others concerning the power of the c'.mrch. Lugduneua col- 

 lefted and publidied them nt Paris in 1516. His fubtlety, 

 it is faid, was equal to his learning; and his aji^jlication fo 

 indefatigable, that he never fpent fo much as one hour of a 

 whole day wilh.out reading, writing or traciiing. Dupin. 

 16th cent. vol. vi. p. 254. Cave Ilift. Lit. vol. ii. p. 24Z. 

 Gen. Dift. 



ALMAJORIFASGO, in Ccmmeirc,-a.\.nm in the Sps- 

 nifli American cudoms, denotir.g a duty paid in America 

 on goods imported and exported, and amounting on an ave- 

 rage to I J ]ier cent. 



ALMALECI, in Maliral Hi/lr.ry, a celebrated work, 

 containing a fyftem of the ancient Arabian phyfic. 

 The word imports as much as the l-r>y,il wori. 

 Concerning the hiftory, contents, &c. of the almaled, fee 

 Ereind's Hift. of Phyf. p. ii. p. 36. 



ALMAMON, Almamvn, or M.-.mon, called alfo Ab- 

 HALLAH, in Biography, caliph of Bagdad, and an eminent 

 philofopher and ailronomer, was the fon of the caliph Ha- 

 run Al Radiid, and great grand fon of Almnnfor. He was 

 born on the day when his father fucceeJed to the caliphate, 

 A. D. 7fi6. At the time of his father's death, A. D. 8og, 

 he was governor of Khorafan ; and he was appointed, by an 

 cxprefs declaration of Harun, rendered public and folcmn by 

 being hung up in the Caaba, to be the fucccffor of his bro- 

 ther Al Amin, who was now caliph. Al Amin, however, 

 conceiving a prejudice againft him, formed a delign to ex- 

 clude him from tlie fucceflion, and ordered the forces in Kho- 

 rafan to mar<h immediately to Bagdad. Almamon, not- 

 withftanding this unprovoked infidt, was faithfvd to his bro- 

 ther, and obliged the people of Khorafan to take the oath 

 of allegiance to Al Amin upon his acceffion. The new ca- 

 liph addiiftcd himftlf to drunkennefs and gaming, and en- 

 trufted llie concerns of government to his prime vificr. Miflcd 

 e A 2 by 



